Back To Chernobyl :: essays research papers

Many of the causes of the disaster at the Chernobyl nuclear reactors were from the lack of safety and the failure to follow safety features. This horrible incident shows us many lessons that should be learned. A few reasons for the Chernobyl power plant to rupture was due to the amount of control rods that were used. Where a minimum of 30 controls rods were required, only 6 to 8 control rods were used. The main reason that cause the core to actually ruptured was due to a sudden rise of the temperature in the reactor during the manual removal of control rods in a test which lead to the instability of the reactors. As the temperature rose, the core ruptured. A few reasons behind the Chernobyl nuclear power plants core to overheat were due to a few overlooked problems that were not taken care of. The Chernobyl Nuclear power plant used steam as a coolant, where water is a better coolant than steam for it also acts as a moderator, and second, it was found that the reactor’s emergenc y cooling system was disabled. These lack of actions lead to the catastrophic consequences at the Chernobyl power plant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If I were in the same position before the accident, I would’ve made sure that the minimum amount of control rods were being in used considering the dangers of the reactor and their radiation incase of a meltdown. I would also have made sure all the cooling systems and equipment were working properly. Lastly, I would’ve used water as the coolant agent, so as to keep the core cooler.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In contrast to the reaction of the Soviets, I would’ve acted more quickly and expected the worst. I would’ve demanded an evacuation as soon as possible and in addition made sure I would have had a department working on plans for such an incident. Another aspect I would’ve looked at was to concentrate on how the weather would’ve effected the spread of the radiation and the carcinogenic material in the air. There are many aspects that were overlooked that lead to the deaths of many people and the illness of many people from the time for the incident to now, politically, economically, and socially.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The conflict between the environmental pollution of coal plants and the possible threats of having a nuclear reactions is very controversial. The fact the coal itself when burned releases carcinogenic materials into the atmosphere is very apparent the it is dangerous, yet it has been present and is not always as detrimental to the areas that are a good distance away from the area of the plant.

The Caretaker by Pinter Essay -- essays research papers

The Caretaker by Pinter: A Play Can Be Confrontational, Challenging and Disturbing to the Values and Assumptions of An Audience. Discuss With close Reference The Caretaker, written by the British playwright Harold Pinter in the late 1950's and early 1960's disrupts the audiences perceptions of existence and their understandings of it. The play deconstructs perceived notions and conceptions of reality, and disturbs the audiences perception of their own identity and place within a world which is primarily concerned with the search and need for identity. Pinter was clearly influenced by the fashionable philosophic review of human condition that was prominent in the 1950's and 1960's – existentialism. The play attacks the notion that there are no absolute truths or realities. Pinter is therefore concerned with what exists as unknown and intangible to humanity. His theatre interrogates the truth of nature and realities of language and demonstrates that much of what the audience regards as fact is fiction as he explores the uncertainty of human existence. When an audience of the 1960's went to the theatre, it can generally be assumed that they had preconceived ideas about what they expected and what they are going to gain from the theatrical experience. The traditional attitudes towards theatre and the conventions of realist drama are disrupted by Pinter. This confronts the assumptions and values of the audience, an experience which would be disconcerting and frightening to many. Pinter divorces and exposes society's codes, institutions and human relations. Throughout the play the audience is rarely comfortable. This disruption is established from the outset of the play when Mick, a character who at this stage of the play the audience knows nothing about, sits on the bed and stares at the audience in silence for ‘30 seconds'. Traditionally in realist drama such as Henrik Ibsen's Hedda Gabler characters use simple exposition through language and non-verbal elements to ‘let the audience in' and enlighten them on what is happening on the stage and the results and reasons for and behind actions. Pinter disrupts this tradition and this in itself would have been a disturbing phenomena to the conservative audiences of post-war Britain. Mick's arrival on stage generates unease within the audience and the tension would only increase as Pinter provides the audience with... ...entity and the structure of society. This deferral of action is primarily indicated by Davies and Aston. The prime example of this is in Davies constant references to his planned trip to Sidcup and in Aston's references to the shed that he is planning to build. Through the representation of these possible future activities, it appears that it gives purpose to their current actions and to some extent a reason for living. It allows these characters to suggest that they are in fact worthwhile human beings with a purpose and a ‘life'. Pinter suggests through this deferral of actions that people's lives hold no worthwhile meaning and ultimately there is nothing gained at the point of death. The Caretaker is a subversive play that demythologises many of an audiences assumptions and values. Pinter makes the audience experience paranoia and feelings of menace and by disrupting conventions of social behaviour and ignoring traditional dramatic ‘realist' protocol, Pinter confronts and challenges the values and assumptions of an audience. He successfully deconstructs notions of power and security, and problematises the conservative belief that there are in fact absolute truths and realities.

Causes of Ignorance

Illiteracy is directly related to two main causes; Schools and Parents/Environment. Schools maintain letter grades that represent the performance and outcome of the students. Grades throughout the semester, cumulative grades and final outcomes. When taking a step back and looking at society and seeing how much ignorance and illiteracy there is it really makes you begin to think about whether or not that is not only the type of environment you wish to be in but whether or not you wish to raise your children there. Typically the schools represent the environment. School funding is also a very large problem that is a leading cause of illiteracy. Many schools simply do not have enough funds to buy the proper, updated and on grade level books. This causes the children to have below average and grade level reading levels, comprehension skills and general knowledge. On a day to day basis parents are blamed for the illiteracy of their children; whether it be because they are not encouraging their children to learn and read, or attend school in general to even try. In many cases the parents are not supportive of their children because they do not want to see them succeed and surpass their families expectations for them. Perhaps this is because they may feel intimidated or as if the child is overstepping some kind of authoritative boundary. Typically the overall education level of a parent is what determines their behavior towards their children and the kind of future that they want them to achieve. If the child's parent did not go very far in their college career, if any college at all then they usually do not press the importance of graduating with a strong degree to be successful. Some believe that schools may also be to blame because the expectations are set too high. In reality many schools just expect too little. Many children need challenges in order to further themselves. By marking a level and saying â€Å"This is what we feel you need to know by this age. † it puts realistic expectations. They do this because the testing that is provided at the end of a high school career that is required to be taken, cannot be altered for any child. They need to be prepared for these tests and in order to do well on them classroom standards must be met. Teachers are as supportive as the student allows them to be. Proper measures and steps need to be taken in order for students to live up to those expectations. Depending on the location of the school, funding is a tremendous problem. You cannot run a school off of nothing. Without proper methods of payment for the teachers, there would be none. Without money to buy the textbooks and teaching supplies, there would be no classes and curriculum for the students to follow. The end result of ill-funded schools is poor educations or none at all. Without proper updated textbooks children would not be kept up on current events; nor would they have the ability to use their common knowledge of today's society. Comprehension skills, in the context of different teaching/learning theories beginning decades ago, up to theories still used and replaced today. Reading levels and the ability to practice reading skills in order to raise the levels for proper education consumption. Illiteracy is based on three sole factors that I have previously stated. Had many schools had better funds and systems to raise money the illiteracy rate would drop severely. The typical factors will not easily be cared for but with the proper dedication and skills, can steadily decrease illiteracy in children which in turn results in illiterate adults.

How important does the coal trade appear to have been in the development of the port of Whitehaven from 1700 until 1900?

To do this part of the assignment I visited Whitehaven harbour to try and find evidence to answer this question. On this visit we went to many different places around the harbour that we thought would have a connection to the coal trade and the harbour. First, we visited the lime tongue, the name tells us that they imported lime for the iron industry and unloaded it on this pier. There is also another pier called the Sugar tongue, the name tells me that they imported sugar and unloaded it onto this pier. From this we can tell that goods were also imported into the port of Whitehaven. I know that from my background knowledge of coal that it would not have been possible to unload the coal onto either of these piers because they are too thin to unload heavy, bulky coal. To support the evidence further of having other exports and imports, we found drawings and inscriptions on benches down the lime tongue. These drawings included coal that we know was exported, tobacco that was imported from Virginia, timber which was imported from North America for the coal industry to be used as pit props and fish were exported. We also found the old Custom House, pictured right, which tells us that goods did come in to the port of Whitehaven and people had to pay custom duties on them. From all this evidence I can deduce that not only was coal exported from Whitehaven Harbour but other goods were also exported and imported into the port. By looking down at the harbour I could see that it was a very suitable place to have an inlet. The harbour has a big headland to protect it from prevailing winds and the size of the harbour would be very good for small boats. Another reason that it was a good place for an inlet is because it would have been a way of bringing business and money to the town of Whitehaven so they would get something back in return for building the harbour. From looking at the harbour I could see that it was quite small, not very wide, not very deep and wouldn't be suitable for bigger boats. This would be a problem for Whitehaven harbour, as by the 1870's steam ships were replacing the sailing ships. These steam ships were longer, wider, deeper and could carry more than the sailing ships which would mean that they wouldn't be able to get into the harbour so they wouldn't be able to load up the coal. By looking across the sea and from my background knowledge I think that most of the coal from Whitehaven went across the sea to Ireland. This could be especially to Dublin since this was Britain's second largest city in the eighteenth century. It could have also been taken to the Isle of Man since this is also only across the sea. Whitehaven harbour has only had the lock gates for about ten years, so before this boats could only come in and out of the harbour at high tide. As you can see from the picture, on the left, which I found in an old newspaper, the harbour would have been mud at low tide, so the boats would have been unable to move. From this I can tell that the Harbour must have stopped developing for the lock gates not to have been installed earlier, because the lock gates have been a big improvement to the harbour meaning boats can leave and enter the harbour when they wish. Whitehaven's hinterland extended to surrounding places like Egremont and most of West Cumbria because the roads were so bad this made more people want to transport the coal by boat. Before we went on the trip to Whitehaven we watched a video called ‘Sail to Steam' which showed the port of Liverpool and showed how its hinterland grew especially after the coming of the railways. Having watched this video I think one reason why Whitehaven's hinterland stopped growing was because Liverpool was taking trade away from Whitehaven. This was because it was a more accessible port for the bigger ships and also because Liverpool had lock gates, which meant ships, could go in and out of the harbour when they needed to. By looking at the map of the ‘building of the harbour' I can see that most of the harbour developed between 1693 and 1833 which is just about the period we are looking at. I think coal could have played a big part in the development of the harbour because this was about the time when coal mining was becoming popular in Whitehaven. They also needed a way to transport the coal from Whitehaven to places where they needed it, so they kept developing the harbour as the coal industry was developing and growing. The extra piers were built for the loading of coal when extra space was needed around the harbour for the various ships to land and wait to be loaded. This must have seemed an extremely good idea because then they could transport the coal to Ireland, which had little or no coal and was only over the channel. When we were walking around the harbour we found an old canon, which must have once been used to defend the port, this is pictured on the right. This tells me that Whitehaven's coal trade must have been very valuable for it to have been protected.e found some models linked to the story of John Paul Jones, which aren't really relevant to this assignment because they have nothing to do with the coal We also had an extract of John Paul Jones' diary to look at, in this extract it said about all the ships in the harbour (over one hundred) at low tide were unable to move because of the mud. This shows that in 1778 the harbour was very busy but there was a problem with low tides making boats unable to move. We also went to look for any evidence of warehouses and railway lines around the harbour but couldn't find any. We know they were once there because we have seen an old photograph of them. This suggests that Whitehaven's port has declined in industry because otherwise the warehouses would still be there but I wouldn't have expected any evidence of the railway lines. This is because the railways would not have been needed anymore once the coal mining had stopped. This then suggests to me that as the coal mining industry declined so did the amount of industry going in and out of the port. This tells me that coal mining had a big effect on Whitehaven's port and was also very important to it. From the graph I drew on the rise and fall of Whitehaven port I can see that the peak of the coal exported was in 1835, when the amount of coal exported was 459 thousand tons. After this date the amount of coal exported began to fall. This tells me that either the coal was being transported by another means of transport, such as the railways, or not as much coal was being mined in Whitehaven. Either way this tells me that the coal exports out of the port of Whitehaven was decreasing. On the visit we looked for evidence of drift mines (or adits), which are mines cut into the side of a hill held up by pit props, but we couldn't see any. This will have been because drift mines weren't very deep because of faulting, the risk of flooding and the danger of a roof fall so many of the drift mines will have collapsed and will have been flattened over. Also quite a few of the drift mines were on Mount Pleasant which is where later they built the houses for the coal miners to live. I also looked for evidence of straithes but couldn't find any. Straithes were used to load coal from trucks onto boats quickly, they were particularly important to the port of Whitehaven, which was tidal, because they needed to load the boats quickly to get them in and out on the same tide. The straithes will have been removed because they will have been no longer needed because there is no coal trade in Whitehaven now. We also went to look at Mount Pleasant, which is where all the miners lived but now there are no houses there. This would be because they would be no longer needed, because as the coal trade decreased fewer people would be employed so they didn't need the housing facilities. Mount Pleasant used to have 200 terraced houses, which were homes to 1825 people. Mount Pleasant was not far away from any of the mines so this would have made it very convenient for the workers to get to work. On the visit we went to look at the Duke pit fan house. We know this is connected to coal mining because Duke pit means there is coal. The job of the fan house was very important, it was to circulate the air down the mine. By looking at this picture of the fan house I have calculated that the actual size of the fan wheel would have been about 20-25ft wide. This tells me that it was a big pit, which would have had lots of coal to mine and would have had lots of employee's. As we were walking along I noticed evidence of an old railway incline, as you can see from the pictures the railway line would have ran from Haig pit down to the harbour for the coal to be loaded onto ships. This would have made it very easy to transport the coal. Although Haig pit operated after the period that I am investigating, it leads me to believe that other pits will have had railways or wagon ways down to the harbour. This will be because the harbour is not very far away from any of the mines and it would cost too much to transport the heavy coal on land especially since the roads were so bad. As we walked towards the Wellington pit entrance I found lots of covered over air vents. These air vents will have been used to get fresh air into the mines, which is a very important thing to have in a mine. We visited the entrance to Wellington pit, where I noticed a plaque on the wall telling me that the pit operated between 1840-1933. These dates during the pit was working are significant because it worked for nearly one hundred years. This is a very long time for a mine to work, so this tells me that the mine must have been big, and must have lots of coal to mine. Also to back up this evidence is the diagram ‘Underneath Wellington Pit', this shows that the pit was very deep and had lots of coal seams, which were quite wide. Wellington pit is very close to the harbour (about 100 yards) this tells me that this would have been the most convenient and cost effective way of transporting the coal to wherever it had to go. Wellington pit is also very close to Duke pit, which suggests that they could have been linked. I also went to look at the candlestick chimney, which is called this because it looks like a candlestick. If you look at the picture you can see that the chimney is very tall, this suggests to me that it is not only an air vent but also it was an exit for poisonous gases. This is so that the gases went higher than Mount Pleasant, which is where all the miners lived so that the miners did not get poisoned. I also found evidence that there were mining disasters on a plaque on the wall near Wellington pit. It told me that in 1910, 136 people died in the Wellington Pit disaster. This tells me that coal mining was very dangerous. Also, other evidence that shows us mining was dangerous is the building called the mission which used to be the hospital. This suggests that there must have been a number of accidents for a hospital to have been this close to the mines. If I had time then it would have been interesting to look for some of the remains of other pits that have something significant about them. The King Pit is interesting because in 1793 it was the deepest coal mine, as it was about 960ft deep. The Haig pit would have been interesting because it was the last pit to have been operating in the area and it went 7 miles under the sea. The Saltom pit would have been interesting because it was the first mine to mine coal under the sea. From all of this evidence I have come to a number of conclusions. I have concluded that coal was the main export and was exported in large quantities. There were also different imports at different times between 1700 and 1900. The evidence that proves this is the old customhouse where the imports had to pay custom duties on the goods imported also the lime and sugar tongues, tell us that sugar and lime, were imported. The graph on the rise and fall of Whitehaven shows that a lot of coal was exported. I have come to the conclusion that Whitehaven was perfect for the transportation of coal up until the late 1800's.The size and shape of the harbour and headland was just right for the small sailing boats, the headland protected these boats from prevailing winds. In the 1870's steam ships became popular, this would cause problems for Whitehaven as the harbour would have been too small for these big steam ships. The harbour was also perfect for transporting coal because it was close to all the mines in Whitehaven so this would mean that the coal would not have to travel far to be loaded onto the ships. I have also come to the conclusion that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and 1800 than it was in 1900. To support this is the graph the rise and fall of Whitehaven that shows us that the amount of coal that was exported. The amount of coal exported began to decline about the time of the railways and steam ships becoming popular, which could mean that the harbour wasn't being used as much for the export of coal and also because of the railways and steam ships Whitehaven's hinterland began to decrease. My final conclusion is that coal helped the harbour grow. Most of the evidence points to this, such as the building of the harbour at the time when coal mining was becoming popular. Also, when they stopped mining as much coal and they found other ways of transporting it, the harbour stopped growing and went into decline, this is why the lock gates were only just recently added to the harbour. From this I can tell that the industrial revolution must have also played a very important part in the development of Whitehaven Harbour. This is because if the industrial revolution hadn't happened then there would have not been a big demand for coal. So therefore the coal industry in Whitehaven might have never got as big and they might not have opened as many mines, which would mean that there would have been little point in developing the harbour for such a small amount of coal. This answers the objective of the whole assignment that the coal trade appears to have been very important in the development of the port of Whitehaven between 1700 and 1900 How useful were the site and other sources in helping you to the answer the question which is part 1? In part one of my assignment I considered what I could learn by visiting the harbour itself about why the port of Whitehaven had changed and developed up to the 20th century. The conclusion that I reached at the end of part 1 was briefly this: The coal trade had a very important part in the development of the harbour but there were other imports as well. Coal was not the only reason that the harbour stopped developing because things like the steam ships, which weren't accessible into the port of Whitehaven and the railways, stopped it developing. Also because of Whitehaven had no lock gates, which put it at a disadvantage. This meant that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and in 1800 than in 1900. I am now going to select some other sources to do with the port of Whitehaven and judge each one according to how useful it is in explaining the development of the harbour compared with the evidence of the harbour itself. The sources I have chosen to consider are: 1) The Beacon centre 2) John Paul Jones feature film 3) John Paul Jones diary 4) Census Results 5) Sail to Steam video The first source I will be considering is the beacon centre, which is a museum about the history of Whitehaven. The Beacon centre is relevant to the question because it does give information about the coal mining. The Beacon centre also contains information about the John Paul Jones raid, the slave trade, railways, ships, the Lowther family and much more. The Beacon centre is typical because it tells us about the history of Whitehaven and surrounding areas. It was opened in 1996 to inform people about the history of West Cumbria. I think that the Beacon centre was put there for tourism rather than for historians to find evidence. My evidence for this is because the Beacon centre has a rather big section on John Paul Jones compared to a relatively small section on coal mining. Even though the raid of John Paul Jones only lasted a few hours in the history of Whitehaven and the coal mining industry lasted over 200 years. So this tells me that the Beacon centre is trying to attract American tourists by having a large section on John Paul Jones, since this is why most American tourists come to Whitehaven to see where John Paul Jones raided. Other evidence of it being there for tourism is because when we went it was a free week so this means that it is trying to attract locals to visit it and see how good it is. This is so that when the summer season starts and tourists ask locals where to go to look around Whitehaven they will tell them to go to the Beacon Centre. This would mean that the Beacon centre would make more money. I think that this source is reliable because they wouldn't tell people about subjects that weren't true. Compared to the harbour, the beacon centre is not very useful in explaining the development of the harbour because it doesn't contain enough evidence since it is just there for tourism so it puts information in to it that people will be interested in and want to find out about. Now I will be judging an extract from the John Paul Jones feature film. This source is relevant because it does mention Whitehaven harbour. We saw an attack on Whitehaven harbour; the men in the attack burnt shipping to frighten British merchants so that they got British troops to guard the port. This was so that they got some of the troops away from America, so they had more chance of winning the war. This film was produced to make money because John Paul Jones would be popular with Americans so that would encourage more people to go and watch it therefore making more money. It was made in Hollywood and not even the raid on Whitehaven was actually filmed in Whitehaven. This tells me that the film was produced to make money because if it were for any other use than they would have spent the time and money to reconstruct the event in Whitehaven for the film. This source is reliable in one way in that the raid in Whitehaven did happen by John Paul Jones but we don't know the actual words that he said so the words on the film are unreliable. The film extract isn't typical because it isn't every night that Whitehaven would have had a big raid. Compared to the harbour, I don't think that this source was very useful because it was produced to make money rather than to inform us. The film extract didn't contain enough information about the development of the harbour like the size and shape of it and it didn't mention the coal trade. I am now going to judge an extract from John Paul Jones diary. It says that over one hundred ships were in the port on that night. The diary extract is relevant because it tells us what a typical night in Whitehaven Port was like. We know that it was typical because Whitehaven was not expecting a raid so it was just a normal night until it happened. John Paul Jones produced this diary and it was produced for his own purposes to write down about the day's events. And because it was a diary we can say that it is reliable because you wouldn't expect anyone to read your diary, so it was just written for his own purposes although he could have been bias towards his own country. I don't think that the diary extract was as useful at answering the question from part one than the harbour was. This is because although the extract gave us valuable information about the harbour at the time it didn't tell us about the coal trade or about the development of the harbour. All it tells us is that the harbour was busy and that it was low tide because the harbour was just mud. We watched a video called Sail to Steam, which I am now going to judge. This video was a documentary and although it didn't even mention Whitehaven it gave us information about the development and growth of Liverpool port which we can relate to the port of Whitehaven so it is relevant. It told us that the coming of the railways increased Liverpool's hinterland and that the lock gates improved the port because they no longer had to wait for the high tides to come in and out of the port. It also told us about the change from sailboats to steam ships that could carry more and were bigger. From this I could tell that Whitehaven was at a disadvantage because it didn't have lock gates, the port would have been to small for the big steam ships and the coming of the railways decreased Whitehaven harbours growth and hinterland. This documentary was produced to inform people about the changes from sail to steam especially in the port of Liverpool. From this I can tell that the information given is accurate and reliable because they wouldn't produce a documentary with inaccurate information. This source is typical because it shows how the port of Liverpool grew over the years. I think that although this source was useful in telling us why Whitehaven port might have stopped growing that it is not as useful as the harbour itself. This is because it doesn't contain information about Whitehaven port and its development and it doesn't tell us about Whitehaven's coal trade. I am now going to analyse the census results. The census results are relevant to the question in part one because they show us how many people lived on Mount Pleasant and it shows the different jobs they had. This then gives us an idea of how many people work down the mines and this then tells us how important the coal mining industry was to the people of Whitehaven. The census was produced in 1851 for the government, to inform them of how many people there were in the country. A census is an official count of the population so this tells me that the census is accurate and reliable because they wouldn't produce a census that was wrong because it would have been a waste of money. Although the census results are useful I don't think that they are as useful as the harbour itself because it doesn't give us enough information about the coal trade and it doesn't tell us anything about the harbour. If we could have had the resources I would have also liked to have had the figures for the amount of coal mined in the area between 1700 and 1900. This would have been useful because I could have compared it to the amount of coal exported from the port and then I could have seen just how much the harbour became more useful for the exportation and coal. Also I would have been able to look for a decline in the amount of coal exported compared to the amount mined when the railways became popular, to see if railways did take some of Whitehaven's hinterland away from it. I would also have liked to have had a diary extract from a person who worked down the mines. This would have been useful to find out the day to day workings of the mines. In part 1 I found that coal was very important to the port of Whitehaven but other things were imported as well but as steam ships became popular the harbour was at a disadvantage because the harbour was too small for these big steam ships. Also Whitehaven didn't have lock gates so this put it at a disadvantage because it meant the boats had to wait until high tide to come in and out of the harbour. This meant that Whitehaven harbour was more important in 1700 and 1800 than in 1900. I have concluded for this part of the assignment that the beacon centre is only there to attract tourists and to make money. I have also concluded that the John Paul Jones video is also just a way of making money and not about informing historians about the raid on Whitehaven harbour. My conclusion of John Paul Jones diary extract is that although it was useful in telling me about a typical night in the harbour it does not contain enough information about the harbour or about the coal trade. I have also concluded that the sail to steam video was useful in telling me about the development from sail boats to steam ships but it did not contain any information about Whitehaven. I have come to the conclusion that although the census results tell us a lot of information about the amount of people living on Mount Pleasant and the amount of people working down the mine it doesn't give us sufficient evidence to answer the question that is part 1. My conclusion that the visit to Whitehaven harbour was much more useful to me in answering the question that is part 1 than any of the other sources. Whitehaven harbour contained lots of unwitting evidence about the harbour and how it developed between 1700 and 1900. It also gave me a lot of information about the coal trade and how it relied on the harbour to be exported. This source contained information about both the harbour and the coal trade so this makes it very useful and also reliable because we can see the evidence. This source is also typical because it contains the remains of things (like the mines) that were actually there between 1700 and 1900

If it is possible Xiaomi trade in SA

Leno's purchase of Motorola Mobility became official on same day, and with its new subsidy, the company has become the third-largest smartened manufacturer in the world with 8 percent market share, bumping Axiom down to fourth. Still, Axiom said it has its sights set on raising enough money to become the world's most valuable private tech firm. 1. 2 International expansion In just four years, Axiom, which is known colloquially as â€Å"little rice,† has gone from a strictly low-end producer to competition for some of the largest mobile companies in China such as Apple Inc. ND Samsung Electronics Co. Ltd. Now, global expansion is on the horizon, but there are plenty of hurdles for Axiom to export its phones and its philosophy to the West. This called Axiom must enter the international market The process started early last ear by testing water in Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. Axiom's flash sale strategy proved a huge success in these markets. Beginning of this year, Axiom ann ounced Axiom would expand to 10 countries this year.We can see that Axiom wanted to target markets similar to China, developing countries with huge population where its low price is an advantage. Assai: Malaysia, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam; Europe: Russia, Turkey; America: Brazil, Mexico. We can see, Africa isn't in its expanding list. But we group strongly recommended Axiom export South Africa, the reason and the strategy analysis as below. . South Africa PEST Analysis and Cell industry introduction by ups 2. Political South Africa is a parliamentary republic, although unlike most such republics the President is both head of stated head of government, and depends for his tenure on the confidence of Parliament. The executive, legislature and judiciary are all subject to the supremacy of the Constitution, and the superior courts have the power to strike down executive actions and acts of Parliament if they are unconstitutional. The National Assembly, the lower house of Parli ament, consists of 400 members and is elected every five years y a system of party-list proportional representation.The National Council of Provinces, the upper house, consists of ninety members, with each of the nine provincial electroluminescent ten members. After each parliamentary election, the National Assembly elects one of its members as President; hence the President serves a term of office the same as that Of the Assembly, normally five years. NO President may serve more than two terms in office. The President appoints a Deputy President and Ministers, who form the Cabinet which consists of Departments and Ministries.The President and the Cabinet may be moved by the National Assembly by a motion of no confidence. In the most recent election, held on 7 May 2014, the African National Congress (NC) won 62. 2% of the vote and 249 seats, while the main opposition, the Democratic Alliance (DAD) won 22. 2% of the vote and 89 seats. The Economic Freedom Fighters, founded by Julius Male, the former President of the Ann.'s Youth Wing who was later expelled from the NC, won 6. 4% of the vote and 25 seats.The NC has been the governing political party in South Africa since the end of apartheid. Since 2004, the country has had many thousands of popular protests, some Eileen, making it, according to one academic, the â€Å"most protest-rich country in the world†. There have been a number of incidents of political repression as well as threats of future repression in violation of this constitution leading some analysts and civil society organizations to conclude that there is or could be a new climate of political repression, or a decline in political tolerance.Leaders of the BRICKS nations at the G-20 summit in Brisbane, 15 November 2014. South African President Jacob Zamia and Chinese President Huh Joints upgraded bilateral ties between the two countries on 24 AUgUSt 201 0, hen they signed the Beijing Agreement, which elevated South Africans earlier â€Å"s trategic partnership† with China to the higher level of â€Å"comprehensive strategic partnership† in both economic and political affairs, including the strengthening of exchanges be;en their respective ruling parties and legislatures.In April 2011, South Africa formally joined the Brazil-Russia-India- China (BRICKS) grouping of countries, identified by President Zamia as the country's largest trading partners, and also the largest trading partners with Africa as a whole. Zamia asserted that BRICKS member countries would also ark with each other through the SIN, the Group of Twenty (620) and the India, Brazil South Africa (BIBS) forum. By 201 3, China have become the single largest trading partner of South Africa. 2. 2 Economy South Africa has a mixed economy, the second largest in Africa after Nigeria.It also has a relatively high GAP per capita compared to other countries in sub-Sahara Africa ($1 1,750 at APP as of 2012). Despite this, south Africa is still burdened b y a relatively high rate of poverty and unemployment, and is also ranked in the top 10 countries in the world for income inequality, measured by the Gin coefficient. Unlike most of the world's poor countries, South Africa does not have a thriving informal economy; according to COED estimates, only 15% of South African jobs are in the informal sector, compared with around half in Brazil and India and nearly three-quarters in Indonesia.The COED attributes this difference to South Africans widespread welfare system. World Bank research shows that South Africa has one of the widest gaps between per capita GNP versus its Human Development Index ranking, with only Botswana showing a larger gap. After 1 994 overspent policy brought down inflation, stabilized public finances, and some foreign capital was attracted, however growth was still subpart. From 2004 onward economic growth picked up significantly; both employment and capital formation increased. South Africa is a popular tourist des tination, and a substantial amount of revenue comes from tourism.Illegal immigrants are involved in informal trading. Many immigrants to South Africa continue to live in poor conditions, and the immigration policy has become increasingly restrictive since 1994. Principal international trading partners of South Africa-?besides other African countries-?include Germany, the United States, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and Spain. The South African agricultural industry contributes around of formal employment, relatively low compared to other parts of Africa, as well as providing work for casual laborers and contributing around 2. 6% of GAP for the nation.Due to the aridity of the land, only 13. 5% can be used for crop production, and only 3% is considered high potential land. In August 2013, South Africa was ranked as the top African Country of the Future by FED magazine based on the country's economic potential, labor environment, cost-effectiveness, infrastructure, business friendl iness, and foreign direct environmentalist's. The IFS ranks South Africa as the 36th safest tax haven in the world, ahead Of the Philippines but behind the Bahamas. 2. 3 social During 1995-2003, the number of formal jobs decreased and informal jobs increased; overall unemployment worsened.The government's Black Economic Empowerment policies have drawn criticism from Nave Magenta, lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa, for focusing â€Å"almost exclusively on promoting individual wineries by black people (which) does little to address broader economic disparities, though the rich may become more diverse. † Official affirmative action policies have seen a rise in black economic wealth and an emerging black middle class. Other problems include state ownership and interference, which impose high barriers to entry in many areas.Restrictive labor regulations have contributed to the unemployment malaise. Along with many African nation s, South Africa has been experiencing a ‘brain drain in the past 20 years. This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy, not in citation given][clarification needed]and is almost certainly detrimental for the well-being of those reliant on the healthcare infrastructure. The skills drain in South Africa tends to demonstrate racial contours given the skills distribution legacy of South Africa and has thus resulted in large white South African communities abroad.However, the statistics which purport to show a brain drain are disputed and also do not account for repatriation and expiry of foreign work contracts. According to several surveys there has been a reverse in brain drain following the global uncial crisis of 2008-2009 and expiration of foreign work contracts. In the first quarter of 2011, confidence levels for graduate professionals were recorded at a level of in a UPS survey. 2. 4 Technological Several important scientific and technological develo pments have originated in South Africa.The first human-to-human heart transplant was performed by cardiac surgeon Christiana Bernard at Grotto Churl Hospital in December 1967, Max Tiller developed a vaccine against yellow fever, Allan McLeod Carjack pioneered x-ray computed tomography, and Aaron Kaleidoscope aerographical electron microscopy techniques. With the exception of that of Bernard, all of these advancements were recognized with Nobel Prizes. Sydney Brenner won most recently, in 2002, for his pioneering work in molecular biology.Mark Shuttlecock founded an early Internet security company Thaw, that was subsequently bought out by world-leader Version. Despite government efforts to encourage entrepreneurship in biotechnology, IT and other high technology fields, no other notable groundbreaking companies have been founded in South Africa. It is the expressed objective of he government to transition the economy to be more reliant on high technology, based on the realization tha t South Africa cannot compete with Far Eastern economies in manufacturing, nor can the republic rely on its mineral wealth in perpetuity.South Africa has cultivated a burgeoning astronomy community. It hosts the Southern African Large Telescope, the largest optical telescope in the southern hemisphere. South Africa is currently building the Karol Array Telescope as a pathfinder for the ?1. 5 billion Square Kilometer Array project. On 25 May 201 2 it was announced that hosting of the Square Kilometer Array Telescope will be split over both the South African and the Australia/New Zealand sites.Telecommunications infrastructure in South Africa provides modern and efficient service to urban areas, including cellular and internet services. In 1 997, Talked, the South African telecommunications partially, was partly privatized and entered into a strategic equity partnership with a consortium of two companies, including CBS, a U. S. Telecommunications company. In exchange for exclusivity ( a monopoly) to provide certain services for 5 years, Talked assumed an obligation to facilitate network modernization and expansion into the unseeded areas.A Second Network Operator was to be licensed to compete with Talked across its spectrum of services in 2002, although this license was only officially handed over in late 2005 and has recently begun operating under the name, Motel . Five cellular companies provide service to over 30 million subscribers, with South Africa considered to have the 4th most advanced mobile telecommunications network worldwide. The five cellular providers are Voodoos, MET, Cell C,Virgin Mobile and Talked (Mobile), which is run by Talked. 2.Mobile Industry Telecommunications is one of the fastest growing sectors of South Africans economy, driven by explosive growth in mobile telephony and broadband connectivity. With a network that is 99. 9% digital and includes the latest in fixed-line, wireless and satellite communication, the country has the most dev eloped telecoms network in Africa. South Africans has a relatively low rate of fixed-line telephony, with around 4. 2;million fixed-line connections (I TU, 201 0). Fixed-line telephony is dominated by Talked, which is listed on the SSE and majority owned by the Department of Communications.Telecoms monopoly in running fixed-line services came to an end in 2006, when the country's second fixed-line operator, Motel, began its operations. Majority- owned by Indian's Data Communications, Motel offers voice and data services to around 9-million customers. Mobile phone use in South Africa has increased from 17% of adults in 2000 to 76% in 201 0, according to research firm Nielsen Southern Africa. Today, more South Africans 29-million use mobile phones than radio (28-million), TV (27-million) or personal computers (6-million).Less than 5-million South Africans use landlines phones. South Africa has four licensed mobile operators: MET N, Voodoos (majority owned by UK Videophone), Cell C (75 % owned by Saudi Ogre, an international telecommunications holdings firm), and ATA, a subsidiary of Talked. Mobile penetration is estimated at more than 1 0%, one of the highest rates in the world. South African mobile companies are also making inroads internationally, with MET leading the way: the company has well over 1 O- million subscribers in more than 20 countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.The increase in usage of mobile and smartness has also lead to increasing numbers of South Africans using the Internet. There were an estimated 8. 5-million users by the end of 201 1, up from 6. 8-million the year before. It is projected that the 10-million user barrier will be broken by the end of 201 2 (World Wide Word, May 2012). While mobile phones are driving usage, data costs are being driven down by the increasing number of undersea cables connecting sub-Sahara Africa to the rest of the world. Undersea cable capacity to South Africa at the end of 201 1 was 2. 69 Terabyte a s econd (Tips), and that will rise to 11. Tips by the end of 2012. This doubled again in 2013. The government, via the Department of Communications, aims to implement a national broadband network to ensure universal access by 2020. Broadband Infract, the state-owned company tasked with improving internet access and bringing down broadband prices, sells high-capacity long-distance transmission services to telecoms operators, internet service providers and other value added network service providers. MET N, Voodoos and Motel are jointly building a skim fiber-optic cable en;ark connecting several major centers across South Africa.The first phase of the cable, linking Sautà ©ing with Zulu-Natal, as commissioned in June 2010. Fibbers Telecommunications is building a 12 km national open-access fiber-optic broadband network, which will increase the supply of long-distance capacity between major cities such as Johannesburg, Cape Toffee and Durban, as well as towns and rural areas along the r oute. It is a partnership between Cell C, CIT firm Internet Solutions, and investment management and advisory firm Convergence Partners. Provinces, via their municipalities, also have plans to invest in affordable broadband infrastructure.The Western Cape, for example, aims to connect the 4 000 overspent facilities and every school in the province to a broadband network, as well as ensure the public has easy access to CIT facilities. 3. How to operate Axiom in South Africa 3. 1 The smartened market in AS Lees see a South African Mobile Report reveals the mobile phone brands of choice by South Africans Internet users, which showed that the most popular mobile phone brands among the country's Internet users are BlackBerry, Samsung, Monika, and Apple.The following chart shows the mobile phone brands owned by South African Internet users. Mobile phone brands owned in AS It should be noted that a single user can own multiple devices. 3. 2 What phones South Africans really want Smartened purchase preference The low position of Apple's phone (12. 3%) is mainly attributed to the fact that phones are relatively expensive in the country. The similar proportion Apple in these two chart shows the Apple purchaser has kind of brand loyalty.High owned level of Monika and Blackberry exceed two thirds, but preference of these two brand account less than one third, many South Africans plan to purchase a Samsung smartened when they upgrade their current phone. Samsung is expected to be the market leader in South Africa over the next few years. So we assume here that more people tend to price sensitive in choosing smartened, and the biggest competitors could be Samsung, we have great market space to serve in the price sensitive smartened users. 3. 3 How does Axiom benefit S. A. smartened users?Specs Comparison between Mi 4 vs. Samsung vs. Expire Z vs. ETC MM We clearly see the main specs among these new generation phones , MI are more competitive in RAM and Battery use based on t he similarities of other specs. We check from commerce website ,the price of Samsung SO sell ERROR, in exchange with ARM, about RHOMB ,kind of lower the price compare with China. But after calculating the changing price ,Samsung still has higher in half than MIM. So from both pictures to illustrate , we find the Axiom user will enjoy the fast speed of operating, touch, big screen, nice design, and very competitive price. . 4 How to position it? For the nice experience with good price, the dynamic image will attract more young generation and the group people who more care the good performance-cost that are our advantages , less brand loyalty users tend to our first lot users in AS. )Butte need to cultivate our own brand fans, our business model and the process of manufacturing are difficult to be copied by other international brand , and it is impossible for AS local people to do such kind of brand, from product itself we have great advantage 2)Low level image difficult to be changed when you want to enter into the high level .So we position our products as high quality ,good In cost performance . 3. 5 Business Model in overseas trade For supplies, we still put manufacturers in China, some good suppliers we have been cooperated with , air ship to South Africa by CA airlines. TO open he market we need to find more channels, social medias are still our main tool to do marketing, for it is difficult to find a close partner as agent to do that , but finding exclusive agents also is our acceptable way in South Africa market.At the beginning Partnered with local commerce website such as Edgewise (claimed largest online mall in South Apical). South Africa Official Faceable Page We might sell its products on its official website in the future. We might cooperate the local agents having the experience store to sell together. With a bit higher price , ERROR for MIM is similar to the price buying Samsung SO, the old generation of Samsung and one-year distributor warranty. Unitary products and concentration Every year only arise one product, and focus on it; Focus on one price point, only do one product.This strategy has help the company to better control the quality, especially technology about the hardware. We can continue this business model in AS Already invite costumer to participate in the product design At the beginning of designing the products, Axiom listen to costumer's opinion widely and this action make the products more cater to costumer's needs and second potentially arouse the purchase desire of consumer. N SAC'S experience store,We will invite AS local to participate in the product improvement.Treat costumer friendly and provide petty favors After the first launch of MOM, when they buy the products, we will give them coupon and a thank you letter, together with a film to protect the mobile phone. All these actions can make the consumer deeply feel the sense of belonging to Axiom Company and win good public praise. High configuration b ut low price-â€Å"Future Goods†, price difference with the nominal and actual Axiom's normal price is 1999 however the actual price to buy it normally is ore than 1 999 even is 2499 as it use the strategy â€Å"Panic buying†.Costumer finally buy it with even with price 2499 which is much higher than the nominal price they still think it's worthy. And this is the key point for Axiom to success to use customer's mentality. This will be our main strategy in AS. To develop greatly in AS,we will put effort to attract local Venture Investment. After the first launch of MOM,we will develop other products to be aliened with domestic:Hardware,Software and Internet service. In summary, we start by launching local official website and Faceable Page, ND local forum.We would choose to sell its product on local official website, or cooperate with local e-commerce website. Gradually, when we could fully localize and solve delivery and payment issues, it will sell on its official web site, also the not very low price, we can cooperate with local agent to have experience store. 4. Risk and Return Analysis by SOOT We need to think about risks in South Africa The news for Axiom over the internet can be easily found, but not all of them are good news. The good news is that Axiom keeps its strong performance in China market. 1 Creativeness However, recent news by PC World questioned privacy concerns about Axiom sending user data its server without permission. What's more, Axiom's globalization is shadowed by its claim of â€Å"Apple of China†. The launch of MIL 6 soon got tech media's critics of â€Å"copying ISO 7†. Its goanna take Axiom a long time to build its brand internationally, It will not be an easy battle for Axiom to change its global image of â€Å"copycat†, but we will have to wait and see. 4. 2 Leadership Axiom's CEO Lei June plays an important role in Axiom's marketing in China.But stepping out of China, nobody knows Lei June. Rath er than being an positive brand influence, Lei Sun's early claim of being â€Å"Steve Jobs† in China actually is a big hurdle for Axiom's globalization. Nobody will care about an imitator. 4. 3 E-Commerce Channel Axiom's flash sale in China is extremely successful, with direct online-only sale on its official website. But the e-commerce business environment may differ in different countries, marketing, logistics and customer services varied. How Axiom remain close relationships with its customers will be an even cougher challenge for the culture understanding. . 4 Quality Control When going abroad in AS, Axiom should pay more attention to its quality control to prevent large scale complaints, and really focus on customer services to build up the brand's word-of-mouth. After all, high quality smartened with low price is everything to Axiom. 4. 5 Chain Expansion Africa is so different with other continents, the country we target has the highest GAP level in Africa, and most cou ntries in Africa people cannot imitate the consumption habit, many are considering the basic needs.

Homo sapiens’ Origin is Not Africa: Looking into Evidences of Man’s True Origin

There is a common notion that man’s birthplace is Africa. Dr. Chuchward, a known anthropologist, confirmed earlier findings of anthropologists (through examination of fossil remains) found out that the oldest ancestors of the human race originated in Africa. One of the anthropologists who ventured into Africa to study human fossil is Dr. Leakey (Origin of Man: Human Beginnings 1). In 1963, Leakey found human fossils dating back to 1. 2 million years ago in East Africa (Rift Valley Region), the oldest known fossils of hominids (Origin of Man: Human Beginnings 1).The theory was emphasized in many documentaries, usually sponsored by the National Geographic or the American Anthropological Society. Much of the content of these documentaries pointed man’s origin in the Rift Valley region in East Africa. On January 11, 1988, the Newsweek Magazine published an article entitled â€Å"The Search for Adam and Eve. † DNA tracing proved that the origin of man can be found to a single woman who lived in Sub-Saharan Africa between 80 000 and 200 000 years ago (Origin of Man: Human Beginnings 1).Her descendants migrated first to the Arabian Peninsula, then to India and Europe and to the rest of the world. This was confirmed by another scientist, Dr. Eric Higgs of Cambridge University. By studying the ancient migration of men, he theorized that the first man of Europe was from central and east Africa. It was about 200 00 years ago (prior to the Ice Age). Professor Chester Chard of the University of Wisconsin noted was able to prove that there existed in the remote past migration routes. Much of the routes’ origin is in Africa. Dr.Leakey once said that â€Å"it is inconceivable that man, the most curious and mobile of all animals, would not have come to America when the elephants, the tapirs and the deer came from Asia †¦ man spread out from Africa to Asia to Europe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Origin of Man: Human Beginnings 1). This view of man’s ori gin had been confirmed and reconfirmed by the succeeding generation of anthropologists. For example, in 19888, Christopher Stringer and Peter Andrews pointed out that Homo sapiens had evolved from a Homo erectus group some 200 000 years ago (Bakalar1). This Homo erectus group later became extinct and replaced by their descendants, the Homo sapiens.Homo sapiens later migrated to Asia, Europe, and to the rest of the world. A known geologist, John Martyn was able to recover human fossils in the Great Rift Valley (in Kenya). Using a new method of dating fossils, he found out that the human skulls were 2. 4 million years old. Recently, some scientists are challenging the assumption that man’s origin is Africa. Professor Robin Dennell of the University of Sheffield in England and Wil Roebroeks of Leiden University in the Netherlands believed that early human fossils discovered over the past ten years indicate that humanlike or subhuman species had its origin in Asia (Bakalar 1).The y pointed to two significant finds of the century. A 1. 75 million year old small brained human fossils was found in Dmanisi, Georgia indicating that it was the descendant of Homo erectus living in the Asian continent in the past 2 million years. Another 18 000 year old hobbit fossils was found in the island of Flores in Indonesia (Bakalar 1). The two scientists theorized that because of the relatively small brains of the recent finds, large-scale migration is not possible. Professor Dennell said, â€Å"What seems reasonably clear now is that the earliest hominins in Asia did not need large brains or bodies† (prerequisite for migration).The two argued that there were no fossil or archeological proofs to support the claim that early humans moved from southern Africa to the Nile Valley in thee early Pleistocene period about 1. 8 million years ago to 11 500 years ago (Bakalar 1). They also argued that though the earliest evidence of a human ancestor in Asia appeared about 1. 8 m illion years ago (based from a human cranium found in Mojokerto, Indonesia), it cannot be said that no older specimens can be found in Asia.To support this claim, Stringer said â€Å"Evidence of humans in the Caucasus [region of Asia], China, and Java more than 1.6 million years ago implies either a very rapid spread from Africa after 1. 8 million years ago, or that such populations were established outside Africa earlier than present evidence suggests† (Bakalar 2). He added that rapid migration â€Å"out of Africa† was not possible owing to the fact that early climate prevented homo species from migrating out of Africa. The two said that most interpretations of early and recent findings pointed that the earliest â€Å"human† tools found in the Asian continent are usually attributed to Homo erectus (species usually thought of having its origin from Africa).H. ergaster is an African species assumed by many scientists as both the progenitor of Homo erectus and the only primate capable of migrating out of Africa (Bakalar 2). The body form of H. ergaster is the final proof that it is the remote ancestors of the Homo sapiens. Its body has humanlike proportions; its brain is capable of learning 9e. g. how to hunt game animals). There is though one flaw in this argument. Australopithecines (which is an older form of humanlike primates had virtually colonized the African region by 3. 5 million years ago.â€Å"Similar grasslands extended across Asia at the time, suggesting that Australopithecines could have survived quite well in the region,† the authors said. Added to that, fossil evidence for H. ergaster in the early Pleistocene period is generally unknown. This suggests that H. ergaster was not able to migrate â€Å"out of Africa† by the time Asia was teeming with early men (Bakalar 2). This interpretation was supported by the discovery of human fossils in Flores, Indonesia. The discovered fossils were named as H. floresiensis (Asi an origin). Two facts were really staggering for many scientists.The age of the fossils was relatively the same with that of the fossils found in Africa. And, H. floresiensis was capable of making primitive tools: tools which were used in hunting (Bakalar 2). The implication of the first fact is: distribution of early human populations across both the African and Asian continents was generally uniform (by 2. 6 million years ago). The two authors hypothesized that it is possible for either a multiple point origin (found in different parts of the world) or a single-point Asian origin of the human species.The two authors noted â€Å"The unresolved status of intriguing Flores finds attributed to H.floresiensis leaves open the possibility that this species is the end result and last survivor of an ancient migration of very primitive humans, or even prehumans that formerly existed more widely across Asia† (Bakalar 2). The implication of the second fact is: stone tools used by early men across Asia did not point to an African origin nor did represent an advanced state of development. Added to that, the two authors concluded that â€Å"the Dmanisi [Georgia] hominins are an extremely primitive version of H. erectus that is the ancestor of the H.erectus populations in both Java and those in East Asia† (Bakalar 2).Thus, there is a high probability that the origin of early men rests on the continent of Asia. The theory of Multiregional Evolution was examined in the article of Wolpoff and Caspari entitled â€Å"No, Homo Sapiens Did Not Originate in Africa† (in the book Taking Sides, World History, V. 1). The theory assumed that there are multiple points of man’s evolution in the remote past. Specifically, this theory adhered to the concept of polytypism. Polytypism is the existence of observable average differences between populations.Since different populations of early men differed significantly on certain measurements, multiregionalists argue d that patterns of migration varied across potential routes. Some populations would become isolated, and hence, might show significant differences over the course of time. Some populations might become almost identical in terms of physiological characteristics because of cultural or biological proximity. Thus, multiregionalists argued that the single-point origin of the human species cannot explain the differences found across early human populations.The two suggested that local evolutionary events took place across the world after the appearance of Homo sapiens. According to the two, populations of Homo evolved from a single species. Thus, the propensity of speciation between Pleistocene human populations was not possible (speciation is the splitting of one species into two) (Mitchell and Mitchell, 12-13). This hypothesis became a point of challenge to the prevailing Out of Africa Model which states that Homo sapiens evolved recently as a new species in Africa, and then dispersed t hroughout the world (by routes).The Out of Africa Model also claimed that Homo sapiens were responsible for replacing the existing human populations of those regions without biologically mixing with them. The two pointed out that evidences of an earlier revolution took place in a small group isolated from australopithecine species. Thus, Homo sapiens remained significantly different from australopithecines in both anatomy and physiology (Mitchell and Mitchell, 13-15).

Platos and Aristotles view of Politics Research Paper

Platos and Aristotles view of Politics - Research Paper Example Machiavelli’s political thoughts involved reformulation of the citizenship concept in relation to liberty. Machiavelli wrote ‘The Prince’ in a time when the politics in Italy suffered from conflicts, blackmail, and violence. He gave advice on the best way of ruling. As a result, he appeared very different from earlier political writers that viewed politics as an extension of morals, and whose theories appeared impractical. Some factors highlighted in Prince Theory include Human Nature: In his formulation of advice to rulers, Machiavelli believed that most people have the primary interest in them and remain contented unless horrible things happen to them. He pointed out that friendship obtained through payments in insecure and unreliable. Virtu and Fortuna: Machiavelli acknowledged the existence of two success factors. Virtu refers to skills, wisdom, prowess, good decision making, strength, and free will while fortunate describes the random variations, probability, luck and the external factors outside a person’s control. He believes that these factors determine the success or failure, and they can be applied in controlling the human actions, with each factor carrying an equal significance approximately half of the result. Machiavelli recommends for the study of other people in order to learn from the effective points by the political leaders. Hence, the reference to lion due to its strength and ferocity and fox due to its slyness, cunningness and outmaneuvering of the enemies.