What is policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

What is policy - see ExampleConsiderable manifestations of policy and power are ordinarily apparent when things remain the same or when issues are not discussed or are intentionally suppressed. This way, policy can be expressed in silence, intentional or unplanned.Policy is whatever institutes, firms, and governments have arranged to do during a ill-tempered period. harmonise to Colebatch (2009), policy is a term that can be employed in various circumstances and by diverse groups to justify what governs them in the way they think about what the world should be and how they should act. Colebatch has gathered a number of definitions of policy use of power to attain objectives a purposive path of action a predictable program of objectives, values and practices a path of action by government aimed to attain particular outcomes. An important thing is that a policy ought to have an objective. Colebatch (2009) claims that policy articulates itself in three manners order, office, and e xpertise.Hogwood and Gunn (1984) suggested numerous meanings for policy concept more than 20 years ago (as cited in Potucek & Vass, 2003). Their argument is that the concept of policy is variously employed to express a label for a field of activity, such as facts of life policy as an expression of a broad function, as a program, and as both proceeds and result. On the other hand, Wedel and others (2005), as cited in Rizvi and Lingard (2010), have suggested that policy refers to a field of activity, such as education policy (p. 4). They claim it is a particular proposal, government legislation, a general program and what governments attain. Consequently, a public policy defines the actions and positions taken by the state consisting of a range of institutions sharing the crucial features of authority and collectivity. According to the dictionary, policy refers to principles, directions and rules created or adopted by an institution to attain its prolonged goals.Policy is usually id entical with decisions,

Logical Fallacies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Logical Fallacies - Essay Exampleed my friends deceitful reasoning by arguing that something does not automatically become remedy simply because it has always been practiced (Trufant 34).I argued that disdain the fact that it may be true that Tobacco has been utilize for centuries as a medicine by the Indigenous Americans, Europeans and other societies, this does not necessarily justify that Tobacco use is good. On the contrary, it is a turn up fact that baccy is currently one of the largest causes of preventable deaths in the world and millions of tobacco users die from each one year across the globe from smoking related wellness conditions. For example, tobacco use is responsible for numerous diseases and long term health problems such as cancer, heart condition, respiratory diseases, as well as premature death. In addition, billions of dollars are currently being lost each year from the loss of productivity that results from smoking related deaths as well as in terms of th e expenses incurred in the treatment of diseases and conditions associated with tobacco use. Finally, recent studies have also pointed out that tobacco use may significantly undermine the health of non smokers through passive smoking.I concluded that the argument that tobacco must be good because it has been used as an indigenous medicine in various cultures for m each centuries is not only deceptive and fallacious but is also based on lack of reason since it is not supposed by any evidence. In my opinion, appeal to tradition is a logical fallacy because tradition is not always right. Although the thought that something is good because it has always been done that way may seem superficially sound, and is popular in many an(prenominal) debate rounds, traditions can not justify that something is good. The use of tobacco does not automatically become right simply because it has always been traditionally used as an indigenous medicine for medicine. I won the argument. usance is not a lways

Relationshipe between cartel crime and corporate governance Literature review

Relationshipe between combine crime and corporate governance - Literature review ExampleIn a number of jurisdictions, marketplace sharing and price fixing for all purposes and intent ar all constitutional violations. However, some mountain have argued that price fixing curbs destructive or unhealthy competition especially in oligopolistic industries. avowal from other quarters is of the opinion that Collusion and arrangements are no real threat to the market since they are majorly unstable and temporary in nature. This emanates from the fact that cartels are usually united by common interests at the beginning but in later stages, each diverts to pursue and protect its own interest which makes the full-length system crumble. In most cases after agreeing to apply a uniform market price, one of the firms within the cartel usually cheats the other by lowering the prices of its products in order to maximize its customer prove which in turn translates to profits (Rizza 44, 2012).I t is therefore argued that collusion between members of a cartel never gigantic lasts because their exists a general mistrust among them and no clear channel to discipline any member of the cartel who by any means is proved to be violating terms of agrrement.In circumstances of implicit collusion, the problem is overdone because of lack of effective communication channels among the cartel members. Economically, price fixing being just a mere cartel or a heinous crime is judged by whether it adds value to the economic viability or not. If the economy is boosted through cartel collusion then some people have argued that it is economically viable.The surmise just discussed has majorly been applied in two ways. Firstly, to take note of those industries that may be susceptible or otherwise and their effectiveness to cartelization. Secondly, how remedies can be effectively devised that destabilizes and detect cartels which would ultimately scuttle their incidence. Initially fronted by G eorge Stigler and later modified by other

S4 W8 Second WA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

S4 W8 Second WA - concession ExampleTHP has crafted ten principles and is working on them to make sure that its strategies are implemented properly. These principles are displayed in the figure below.THP started its operations in Africa back in 1987 two years after the famine take out the African world. THP started its computer syllabusme named as Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger. The basic liking behind this program was to call up the capable African leaders to help their nation in fighting out against the hunger. The Africa Prize also believes in celebrating and acknowledging the hard work of these devoted individuals from time to time. This program is now a diversified one and out forming other programs by offering vast force of leadership services to the people of Africa.THPs in 1990s started a decentralized and a to a greater extent holistic kind of people centered approach known as Strategic Planning in Action. Thousands of villages in Africa have applied to SPIA in order to empower their dwellers to achieve improvement in the sectors of health, nutrition, reproduction and family income.Women are the major producer of food for the household usage in Africa, yet government has non considered them in crafting agricultural policies in order to improve the production of crops. The idea behind initiating such program was to empower the tens of thousands of African farmer women through proper training in the agricultural field. Secondly, the program was a way to drive governments attention towards the importance of women in this sector and also to the circumstance that the future of agriculture sector depends on the women food farmers in Africa. This latter task was accomplished by launching a massive advocacy campaign in African countries.AIDS has been progressing in the African countries for years and the main reason is that women have minimal or no power in these countries to cling to themselves. AIDS and Gender Inequali ty Workshop launched by THP in 2003

Growing Staff Presentation as Human Resource Management Consultan PowerPoint

Growing Staff as Human Resource Management Consultan - PowerPoint Presentation lawsuithas under taken for the purpose of making sure that its top management have the right requisite skills that will repeat in the production of the required results. This in issue will lead to the achievement of the goals and objectives that have been give in place by the firm. The first among this is the building of skills in the leaders. The dynamic nature of business trading operations calls for individuals who are in a position to adapt to the various situations that present themselves in the business world. This is not forgetting the Human Resource Issue. For this reason, the individuals should be more adaptive for the purpose of boosting their performance and overall score in the domesticate environment.It is of the essence to note that the organization has various individuals working therein. For this reason, the propositions may not be taken in well by all the parties involved. To some, t his may be taken as a elan of locking out some individuals, especially those who are not well qualified for certain positions. However, it is of the essence to note that the training, which is undertaken, is for the benefit of all the individuals in the organization when it comes to their general performance.Fashion design is purely artistic and as such, it is the designer and the assistants who determine how far a brand goes. Nonetheless, technology has changed all fronts of our daily lives dramatically adding innovativeness to what we have always done hence easing our daily loads. The current workforce of Michael Kors Fashion field of operations is large. With 372 workers for a company of its size, it is a record. The large workforces output is limited in likeness with what they should be producing. The gap between the workers and the target output is in their inconsistency due to poor work ethics and lack of adaptation of technology.If the company can perpetrate in its worke rs, it sure will invest in its future. The possibility of the company producing double the much it does today in the

Wk4 Discussions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wk4 Discussions - Assignment ExampleSome of them might not be conscious of the dynamics baffling in the investment of securities. Others might be conscious of the securities investment but do not clear which security bequeath give a better return than the other. If Mr. Lynch answers this question, more investors from other industries go out be interest on security investment.Mr. Lynch can let us know how to derogate trade risks since avoiding it by diversification is impossible. He will suggest other avenues investors can use to sully the risks associated with the type of security they have invested. Expectations of investors are high return, but market risk being include in the equation then the possibility of high return becomes slim. If investors have been armed with that kind of information regarding securities investment, we can be rest assured the number of investors in securities will increase. This will be a boost to our nations economy.To calculate the cost of equity division of cost of structure will need the use of Capital Asset Pricing feigning (CAPM) or by Dividend Growth Model (DGM). The cost of debt can be calculated by use of historical (coupon) interest rate or market based interest rateThe techniques used to calculate the figure of divisional cost of heavy(p) are referred to as pure play approach. This technique is used to calculate riskier division is the security market line (SML) while for conservation division subjective approach technique would be used to estimate the cost of capital. The main challenge experienced during the estimation of the cost of capital for a division is that it exactly has securities for to trade in the market, so it is a problem to notice the risk of division in the markets

Information Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Systems - Essay exemplarThe redeemroll information establishment bequeath have information on the name, monthly salaries and hourly grade of employees. Hourly rates will also be required to facilitate the cook upment of overtime wages. additional information such as location, department, employee identification number, and the date of employment would also be added to the system. This system would be updated with information received from the human resources department relating to recruitment of staff at Recruit 4 U three locations as well as separation of staff due to retirement, resignation, redundancies and involuntary termination. The payroll system would be set up to calculate taxes for each employee and would be paid over to the government on their behalf. At the end of each pay period the necessary information would be collected from discordant locations and this along with the information from head office will be used to run the payroll. Pay slips will be generated for each employee, indicating their gross pay, deductions statutory and otherwise, and their net pay at the end of each pay period. Cheques consisting of the net pay would either be drawn for each employee or sent to their respective bevel accounts if feasible. Additionally, a cheque would be drawn for the government in relation to total tax deducted from the employees pay for the period. The relevant entranceway from this module of the accounting information system would be used to make an entry into the financial accounts of Recruit 4 U.

Australian Security in the New Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Australian security department in the New Century - Essay ExampleAlthough the attacks were targeted America, they proved that no nation and no people, were reliable from this new threat. The tactics used were often suicidal in nature and thus, the attacks are extremely unattackable to control, once they have been initiated. The funding mechanisms and training cells for organizations that launch and support such terrorist activities are spread throughout the world and can not be routed out in a day. To deal with this threat in a comprehensive manner, vast and sweeping changes were required in the security policies of most nations that considered themselves at threat. The by-line areas that pose a threat to the security of the Australian nation and its people can be determine1. Environmental Security Though the global war on terrorism still dominates as the briny security issue, Australia is currently analyzing and addressing its environmental security issues namely climate change and global warming. In addition, environmental security threats can be classified under two broad categories, firstly, natural threats such as volcanoes, earth quakes, tsunamis and bush fires and secondly, threats posed due to human activities, such as ozone depletion and the greenhouse effect. Australias rising cognizance of and commitment to combating environmental threats can be gauged from the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC 2007) summit, which was held in Sydney, Australia on 8-9 September, 2007, where the Sydney APEC Leaders jointly state that they would be committed to taking wide-ranging and ambitious actions to address the issue of environmental quality and contribute to the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. 2. Military focused security issues After the year 2000, the focus of Australias strategical policy was enhanced to look beyond the erstwhile narrow emphasis on the defense of the incorrupt based on a reliance on US support to preserve a changeless p ower balance in Asia. This carried two main implication for the Australian defence infrastructure, namely, the increase in land force capabilities for regional cooperation and a sustained investment in high-tech air and nautical capabilities. The three main factors which influenced the Australian defense policy after 200 are i.) The operations in Iraq raised questions about the balance between the size and weight of the Australian land forces. ii) Instability in the pacific raised the need to develop the capacity to

ARGUMENT Essay on The Medical (health care) of America

ARGUMENT on The Medical (health care) of America - Essay ExampleOne of the to the highest degree urgent questions is whether all the Americans should be entitled to health care or not.The US is kn birth to be unitary of few highly-developed nations which do not provide universal health care for its citizens. in concert with Mexico, the US is the only member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development that does not have this service (OECD, 2013). Thus, advocates of the clear avow that health care should be defined as a universal system, run by the government. In other words, this should be the governments responsibility, but not atomic number 53 of the concerns of ordinary people.Nowadays, however, Americanpeople must work really hard in order to take care of their own health. The burden of all the medical expenses lies on the shoulders of ordinary citizens. According to the US Census Bureau, government programs screenland only 27.8% of the population (83milli on),including the elderly, disabled, children, veterans, and some of the poor (U.S. Census Bureau, 2013). In addition, national law provides public doorway to the services of emergency, without regard to paying capacity of a person. However, this does not seem to be right that all the other people have to take care about their health on their own. A pit of arguments may illustrate this.Despite the significant and really impressive advances in medical sciences, millions of Americans cannot afford themselves a number of modern services just because the price is too high. It seems to be a paradox that citizens of one of the riches countries in the world cannot afford qualitative health services. That is why medical health care, one of the unalienable human rights by the way, seems to be turned into a privilege.Advocates of the right for health care insist that no one in the richest nation on earth should go without it (Right to Health Care, 2014). The US seems to be wealthy

Capital Crime in an Incident of Mass Shooting Essay

Capital Crime in an Incident of sens Shooting - Essay ExampleIt was broadly anticipated that his attorneys would try defending him by entering a diminished electrical capacity plea. However, in the preliminary hearing, they express they needed more time because they were not barely ready to enter such a plea yet (Ingold 2). A plea of diminished capacity is a defense excuse in which the accuse agrees to have broken the law but argues that they cannot be fully liable of the crime due to compromised, diminished or impaired mental functionality (Mandery 45).According to Bronner (1), Holmes attorneys said in the preliminary hearing that they required more time to review and peruse the huge softwood of documentation regarding the shell. The presiding Judge in the preliminaries, William Blair Sylvester of Colorado State District Court, also wary of moving the case too fast due to the possibility of eventual appeal that could gather its support from the manner in which the case was han dled agreed to a later date rather than proceeding with the arraignment. After the attorney of the accused claimed that Holm was unprepared to enter any plea on March 12, 2013, the Colorado judge entered the not criminal plea (Ingold 2). According to Ingold (2), two weeks later on March 12, the accused attorneys communicated their intention of pleading wicked in order to avoid the death penalty. On the next day, the prosecutors said that they would not accept that offer. Therefore, on 2013 June 4, Holmes pleaded not guilty on the grounds of insanity. The judge accepted this plea thereafter scheduling the examination for 2014 October.Considering the whole matter from Holmes attorney point of perception there are two options for his defendant. His client whitethorn plead diminished capacity or he may plead insanity, which he already has. small capacity, which was a possibility in the early stages of the case is now not an option for the defense team.

Consumer Behavior Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Consumer Behavior Analysis - Case Study manikinManagement needs to make on-going decisions relative to what changes need to make in response to consumer behavior in the context of the products that they offer. These decisions need to be made on the basis of an understanding of consumer behavior. This understanding will pronounce of the appropriate action for improving sales or withdraw the product altogether, depending on what firms know just about or learn about consumer behavior, perceptions, attitudes, and desires. If management decides to respond by improving or changing the dirt or product, once changes have been made, management will have to track consumer reaction and perceptions of the changes. Radian 6 offers a range of tools for integrating online social networking in a single place so that consumer behavior, attitudes, and perceptions, as well as preferences, can be accessed at one location. In other words, Radian 6 facilitates a method by which conversations among con sumers can be analyzed. Management may also communicate immediately with consumers. Radian 6 (2011) explains that it a platform for listening, discovering, measuring and engaging in conversations across the social nett. Radian 6 taps into consumer behavior which is a familiarization of marketing theory. Consumer behavior as a general marketing theory places the consumer at the center of the marketing concept (Baker and S ben 2010, p. 42). Essentially, consumer behavior by itself provides an adjust of theories that can unlock the door to understanding consumer behavior. Consumer behavior-social networking applications such as Radian6 is more useful for monitoring how products and brands are being received by consumers. It also permits immediate feedback for consumer behavior relative to products and brands. Therefore while handed-down research methodologies provide an overall picture of external and internal factors that operate in the market to figure out consumers, social net working or social media research provides researchers with an up-to-the-minute monitoring process as a general theory combines core concepts such as cultural theory, economic, political, consumer information, services and cognitive psychology-based theories (Baker and Saren 2010, p. 42).

METHODS OF INQUIRY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

METHODS OF INQUIRY - strain ExampleRisk taking is known throughout the world. Most human beings will concede that returns atomic number 18 commensurate to the level of causal agency you invest into a given activity. In pre-agrarian societies, it was apparent that the more effort one puts into a given activity, the more returns that individual got. In agrarian societies, what one sowed was what he reaped. This is a general maxim and the more a person puts into a given activity, the more that individual got in return from the activities.The concept of work came with the attitude of people working hard to attain higher returns. In most tax jurisdictions, people are taxed for income from work, income from property and income from investments (Blankson, 2010). Incidentally, most poor people have no property business income nor investments. They tend to have a given source of income like a occupancy or wages for hired activities. These individuals have little or no savings.On the other hand, lavish people make a lot of income and due to past excess funds, they tend to invest in property or in other businesses. These investments come with high returns and the returns are high enough to be considered a form of income which merits a tax.Poor people however have limited funds to save, let alone invest. They only have enough to pay for their basic necessities and have little to set digression as extra income. Due to that, they tend to make little.However, the fundamental element and the fundamental assumption of economic science is that human ends are more than their needs. This is a universal desire in all human beings. This is because the number human being has a wide array of expectations and desires. And these needs and wants can only be execute through the attainment of higher earning capabilities. This is a desire that exists in both rich and poor people.By virtue of the fact that the rich have more money, they invest a lot of money into a given venture and this brings

Responding to Global Warming Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Responding to Global Warming - Term Paper ExampleThe political factors absorb an enormous queen over the regulations governing the retail business along with the control on the spending power of the consumer, the control over monopoly of a single large retailer in the market and the availability of such(prenominal) retail services to most customers situated across the country. The following issues or political factors can be looked upon as either threat or opportunity for Tesco in the next ten years perceptual constancy of the political environment Threat and Opportunity - A government in power will formalise rules governing the business of Tesco and the influence that Tesco will have over a government, as an environmentally kind business. Governments position on marketing ethics Threat and Opportunity The rules set shore by the government to make a business more environmentally friendly will have a profound effect on the money spent to be more environmentally compliant. Howe ver, this would overly ensure that Tesco crystalises advantage by advertising its efforts to help global warming cause through advertisements and thus, gain popularity. Trading agreement of Tesco with other countries Threat Given the global nature of Tescos business, the different laws laid down by different Governments such as EU, NAFTA, ASEAN etc, can hamper the uniformity of Tescos policies for existence environmentally friendly. The economic factors are the most vital ingredient for the success of a business. Marketers need to count on the state of a trading economy in the short and long terms, especially for planning global marketing. The issues of interest rates, a rate of inflation, employment level per capita, the long-term prospects for the economy Gross Domestic crossroad per capita, etc, can all affect the revenue of a company and thus the budgetary allocation on adopting environmental friendly methods of business. Thus, the economic factors can be looked upon as threats and as well as opportunities.

Insurance in a risky world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Insurance in a risky world - Essay ExampleFlood insurance reduces the fear to purchase a ingleside in flood risk areas since it bear ons one building and all his or her property against suffering that flooding can cause. This paper is a report to a friend who is thinking of buying a house on Trent Road, Beeston, Nottingham NG9 1LQ, but is worried about the likely cost and availability of buildings insurance to apportion the risk of flooding (Liedtke 2007, P. 7). The aim of the report is enlightening her about the factors to consider whether to buy an insurance bear on and the factors that may affect the availability and likely price of insurance against flood risk in the attached three years.There is no need to worry or fear buying a house on Trent Road, Beeston, Nottingham NG9 1LQ. This is because one is able to buy an insurance cover for his or her house and its contents. The insurance cover is advantageous since it will cover a number of flooding events such as a channel o r a river bursting its banks, sea flooding caused by high tide or storms, and ground or surface water flooding caused by heavy rains. It is acknowledgeable that flooding results in damage and injury of properties, forcing people to incur unexpected costs, replacing the damaged and the lost properties. Although buying a house on Trent Road, Beeston, Nottingham NG9 1LQ is a risk, the insurance covers almost all these costs when flooding occurs. According to Kunreuther and Michel-Kerjan (2007), the insurance sector is contend a vital role in regards to flooding and addressing the challenges faced by both the insurers and insurers when dealing with the effect of climate change on risk management strategies (p. 3).According to The Money Advice Service (2014), there is no need to worry buying a house in a risky world since the insurance sector covers various costs due to flooding. Such costs include repairing, restoring, and drying out your households, replace or replace your damaged b elongings and

Thermography detection on the fatigue damage of the specimen alloy Essay

Thermography espial on the fatigue damage of the specimen alloy - Essay ExampleFatigue occurs when a substantial is subjected to periodic nisus which is below its tensile breaking or yield vehemence but which is tolerable to cause permanent damage. The formal definition of fatigue as given by Wikipedia (n.d.1) isFatigue is the progressive, localized, and permanent structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic or fluctuating strains at nominal stresses that have uttermost values less than (often much less than) the static yield strength of the material.It is because fatigue happens so quiet and insidiously that makes it very dangerous even resulting in loss of life. Sadananda et al (2003) assert that Fatigue is the important cause of premature failure of engineering components.Many structures such as aeroplanes, oil rigs and bridges, to name plainly a few, are exposed to fluctuating stresses. The engineering approach falls into two broad categories of traffic with stress induced fatigue. The first part is prediction of the lifetime of a material under stress. This amaze will provide recommendations on how frequently materials have to be replaced. The second approach is to predict how farther a crack tummy grow before failure happens. Detection and prediction of failure of cracks can mean the difference between life and death of users of these facilities.The basic method o S-N CurvesThe basic method of presenting engineering fatigue data is by means of the S-N curve, a plot of stress S against the tot of cycles to failure N. ( Key to Steel, n.d.) The S-N curves enable prediction of how long a material will last in terms of cycles of payload. Figure 1. A S-N Plot for an aluminum alloy (Kelly, 1997)Kelly (1997) explains that cracks go through lead stages of formation, reference and failure.Stress Intensity factor KStress Intensity, K, is a parameter that amplifies the magnitude of the applied stress that includes the geometr ical parameter Y (load type) (Wikepedia, n.d.2). This factor measures the degree to which stress is magnified around a crack. The loading around a crack falls into three modes I, II and III.Figure 2. Three loading modes (Key to Steel, n.d.) The three modes are path 1 opening or tensile mode (the crack faces are pulled apart) Mode 2 sliding or in-plane shear (the crack surfaces slide over each other) Mode 3 tearing or anti-plane shear (the crack surfaces move parallel to the leading edge of the crack and copulation to each other)(Key to Steel, n.d.)The most common mode is mode I and this is what is used in most calculations. The bulk factor, K, determines the rate at which a crack will propagate and hence the lifetime of the material. The mathematical kind is defined by Callister (1994, cited by Kelly(1997)) asThis compare relates the rate of growth of a crack to the transport in intensity factor K. In this equation A and m are dependent on the materials and da is the change in crack length while dN is the change in number of stress cycles. The change in K is defined byWhere Kmax and Kmin are the maximum and minimum intensity factors respectively, Y is a constant dependent geometry of the material and is the applied stress on the material. When this equation is re-arranged and integrated it becomesThis equation gives Nf, the estimated number of cycles before

What are the most important factors that contribute to job Research Paper

What are the most heavy factors that gift to production line satisfaction What are challenges to improving job satisfaction - Research Paper characterIn pursue of career our dreams and aspirations are one topic and practicalities are another. If an employee goat have twain that is a treasure job to pursue. However, often times the two does not go together. Yet, it is possible to be getting job satisfaction even doing menial tasks. It can be greatly influenced by a variety of factors. Work plays a significant role in our lives. In our quest to be content and productive, having a strong sense of job satisfaction is important. When you are dis satisfactory with your job, this tends to have an influence on your overall outlook on life. While you may not be in the career of your dreams the right way now, it is still your responsibility to make sure that what you are doing is satisfying to you.( Creating Job Satisfaction. Getting the most from your job.) wherefore is it importa nt anyway? What difference does it make if one is genial with his job or not? in that location are many answers, yet one thing is sure when stress mounts, job satisfaction lowers, which leads to more stress and then it becomes a vicious circle. But, fortunately, there is a way to break that routine. The first thing to evaluate is an attitude employee has for his job. He might see his job as a carrier, or a job or, perhaps, a calling. If the job is only a way to get money, the employee would be moderately satisfied receiving his monthly profits for a fair number of tasks completed. If it is a carrier the employee pursues, he go away be looking for position advancement and will be working harder to get it and if it is a calling the employee will work passionately, finding a sense in the fulfilling of the job itself. There are not so many concourse, though, who would not want to advance in their job at least in both(prenominal) way. For some of them it would only be important to grow in their skills and performance, others would prefer additional realiseledge and harvesting in hierarchy. In either case, advancement is one key element in job satisfaction. Of course, it is not possible for all the workers to be completely satisfied with their job all the time and increasing job satisfaction is a challenge faced by managers. There is no across the board firmness to the problem that would work well for everybody, since each company is different and must find their own queer and efficient way. But lets take a look at different factors that contribute to job satisfaction. Besides personal motivation for the job, another factor in employee being more satisfied is positive working environment. According to Fran Tarkenton youhave to find what turns people on then you will know how to motivate them. Motivating working environment means caring for the needs of workers. That includes benefits for the workers, such as wellness care, childcare etc, as well as reti rement benefits rising with the experience and age of the employee. Also, it really stiffens peoples productivity and satisfaction when they have many cumbersome and difficult policies and rules. Working place set-up and its sym cathizer has a positive effect on workers job satisfaction, so it has to be considered how comfortable and ergonomic desks and chairs are and if there is a proper lighting etc. Another challenge is personal recognition and fiscal compensation for the job. All the employees have a need for recognition in some ways. While receiving salary is something the employee expects, his skills being noticed, or achievements, or personality etc, is something that comes as a bonus, and, though often it is not tangible, it can significantly improve employees self-esteem and job satisfaction. Simple acts, like a greeting, a pat on the back, approving smile etc, do wonders. Yet, though it is simple, it

Breastfeeding is better for your baby Essay Example for Free

Breastfeeding is bettor for your baby EssayAmong the umpteen an(prenominal) decision a char faces when she is pregnant, is whether or not she bequeath breastfeed her babe. In our society and in this day and age, this has become a matter of choice as opposed to long ago where expression was nonexistent and the barely operator of nurturing your baby was to breastfeed. Many women be oblivious to the health risks their baby may endure having not cosmos breastfed. Research and studies show that babies who are breastfed experience better health among other things if they are breastfed. To add to that, pattern companies tend to obscure the truth and bribe the mends in to promoting their product. This essay aims to investigate these issues and address the matter at hand by stating why it is a much better choice to breastfeed a baby. As I mentioned above, whether or not a women wants to breastfeed or dominion feed is now a matter of choice. Before I move forward, I want to explain about the history of breastfeeding and radiation pattern feeding. Before the modern era, breasfeeding was usually the normal procedure for feeding an infant.If a woman had problems breastfeeding her baby, the family would usually cogitation a wet nurse to nurture the baby in place of the mother. This was considered very normal. As a matter of fact, wet nurses were chosen with the utmost care, because it was vital and essential for a baby to receive the skillful amount of nutrients. Another alternative to wet nurses was cows milk, or in correct footing the process of dry nursing was established. Wet nursing and dry nursing were the common alternatives to breastfeeding during the early nineteenth century.However, in the turn of events another breast milk substitute had evolved. Formula had been nominated and was in lieu of breastfeeding. angiotensin converting enzyme of the biggest known named companies of today, Nestle was a big contributor to the establishment and crea tion of prescript. Add another century, and formula feeding is not considered the norm in many societies. Because formula is widely accepted as a means of nurturing a baby, production of formula has boomed and many formula manufacturers thrust to advertize their product.Because of this, many doctors have received a cut for promoting formula from these major manufacturers. While the new mother who has just presumption birth to her baby feels that formula feeding is better since the doctor recommended it, little does she know that the doctor is doing what he was endorsed to do. Could this mean that many doctors are withholding the truth for money? It may very well be and I will notwithstanding discuss this issue. According to studies done in the US, fewer than half of the babies are exclusively breastfed during their first two days in the hospital.By the time they are six months old, entirely 19 share of US babies receive any breast milk (Coburn, 2000, 1). This is in large recru desce due to the doctors orders. Little do these mothers know that the doctors are pushing formula products on these new mothers because they are obliged to do so under a contract. Coburn overly states To promote artificial feeding, formula manufacturers spend millions of dollars securing exclusive distribution deals for formula samples, at a yearly average of $6,000 to $8,000 per doctor (p. 2). Many formula companies distribute their products to hospitals to advertize their formula.It is a form of bribery, because if you give the doctors and physicians money they will without a doubt encourage the recommendation of that particular product. Or in some instances, mothers are given a gift basket upon delivery of their new baby. This gift basket has formula in it. In doing this look for shows this tacit endorsement of the hospitals part is so effective in establishing brand loyalty that 93 percent of mothers who artificially feed continue to use the brand of formula given to them by the hospital (Coburn, 2000, p. ).thither is a lot of brainwashing departure on just for a buck. Since these mothers are now formula feeding instead of breastfeeding they begin to see the effect on their income. It is much to a greater extent costly than breastfeeding. rough mothers even dilute their formula to make it last a little longer before going out and buying some more. This in turn is very nutrition-depleting. I will elaborate further on nutrition, but in the end these formula manufacturers are competing not with their rival companies, but with breastfeeding itself.And because of this, many mothers are caught in the middle of this war not aware that breastfeeding is the best means to nurture her baby. As mentioned above, breastfeeding is the natural way to nurture a baby. It is also better for the baby and there are many studies to prove this. Breastfeeding does help prevent a number of sicknesses a baby may endure. As mentioned by Laura Sterling a pediatrician I discuss the impact of breastfeeding on incidence of otisis, media, asthma, obesity and all-cause diarrhea.I also counsel that breast milk may decrease severity of diarrhea because it is much easier on the digestive system than formula (Sterling, 2003, p. 3). Obesity as Sterling mentions has also been decreased when a child is breastfed rather than formula fed. If a baby is breastfed for at least 3-5 months, obesity in the US will reduce 35 %. Carol Campbell states infants who were fed breast milk more than infant formula milk, or who were breast fed for longer periods, had a low risk of being overweight during older childhood and adolescence (2000, p. 102).If we look at breastfeeding on a global perspective, around the world breastfeeding is encouraged as well. In Bangladesh for example, infant mortality rates are severely high. Penny Van Esterick states that any decrease in breastfeeding would definitely increase infant mortality (2003, p. 57). Also, many countries around the world that u se water to create the formula arent aware of the toxins the water may contain, thus making the baby very sick. A mother passes on various nutrients to her child when she breastfeeds, something that artificial milk does not do.A random study also concluded that when babies breastfeed they are more likely not to experience pain musical composition undergoing minor procedures. We can also look at breastfeeding from an anthropological standpoint. Anthropologist Shannen L. Robson stated For most pormate species the period of intensify growth ends shortly after birth, but for humans it continues for a year postnatally, when infants are nutritionally pendent on breast milk. A pattern of early postnatal brain growth that is unique among mammals mustiness require a unique milk to supply the needs of the developing human infant (2004, p. 19).So as we may see, there are many benefits, an infinite amount of studies concluding that breastfeeding is much better for a baby as opposed to formu la feeding. Concluding my essay it is evident I am pro breastfeeding. It is much healthier for your baby as studies are there to prove this. Not only that, it is eye-opening to know that doctors withhold telling their expecting mother patients that breastfeeding is the better choice all for the means of gaining more money.It is also interesting to note, that women who breastfeed are more likely to lose more weight effectively than their formula feeding counterparts. Who doesnt want to lose weight after giving birth? It is much more advantageous to breastfeed, especially when it is 2 in the morning and your newborn is crying their lungs out because they want to be fed. I think getting up picking up your newborn and breastfeeding them is much better than having to impregnable and prepare the formula in a zombielike state.

Married Lifestyle vs. Single Lifestyle Essay Example for Free

Married Lifestyle vs. angiotensin-converting enzyme Lifestyle EssayThere are advantages and disadvantages to being conjoin or virtuoso. Some married couples share every aspect of their lives including, track down, children and marital related issues while some may opt to have a joint bank account . go this may help each spouse financially, adept person always has to bear with the other onward making any serious purchases. However, single people dont need anyones consent nor do they have to share. Children are another thing married couples and single people have to consider. Having children finish be a great thing, especially with someone there to help share the responsibility of top those children. Whereas, single people may ultimately struggle with things such as, child care, the cost of raising a child on their own, and being the responsible party. Goals are also a big factor, because some married couples have a hard time agreeing on or reaching common goals. A singl e person is only responsible for their own goals and how they choose to reach them. Over time, the passion may front to cool in married couples. The couple may not be as stimulateually industrious as they once were due to the routine each lives. They may be busy with work or kids, or unfortunately, simply desensitized to one another. Some married couples work on keeping their sex feel interesting.On the other hand, it isnt hard for a single person to keep things interesting and reinvigorated in the bedroom, because they may have as many sexual partners as they please, and this may seem fun. and sometimes, for them the work is finding the right sexual partner. In a marriage, not only could you have sex when you want, but you can enjoy intimacy as well. According to Eve Prajonyud, Single Versus Married Life-Pros and Cons The cons of both lifestyles take issue from person to person. If you are involved in a bad marriage than single life leave behind seem like a dream come true. Likewise, if you are unable to find someone to pop off your time with, then you will likely feel lonely and frightened no matter how winning your life is.The key to weighing the differences is actually in enjoying the lifestyle you have while you have it. (Eve Prajonyud) bulk living single lifestyles have freedom to do what they want . For instance, if they were offered a well-paying job a super C miles away from where they lived, they could simply take the job and move without anyone else to consider. Married couples dont have that comparable option. The goals of married couples and single people may be different. For example, a married couple may be saving up money toward the goal of purchasing a bigger house in the future, for a growing family. They may be working toward a better lifestyle than they started with as a newlywed couple. They might attain a degree together or maybe just save up for a couples vacation .Single people may choose to focus completely on their career , alternatively of a family. Their main goal may be reaching top status in their traffic before focusing on a family. Their goal may also be to attain a degree, or saving money to travel or buy a house. There may be a difference in the career choices of married and single people. For instance, married couples may have to work around each others schedule and still have time to spend with one another. Single people dont have to worry about that if that happen to have a job or career that is very time consuming. Both lifestyles can be challenging in many different ways. Whether its children, sharing, or setting individual or marital goals.Works CitedPrajonyud, E. Single Versus Married Life. Retrieved on April 1, 2013 from www.professorshouse.com.

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay Example for Free

Portfolio Trading Strategies Essay acquire in equity are a function of time and be. Trading strategies are essentially center on maximizing profits through represent maximization which in turn is linked with performance costs. then cost of trade in excessively a consideration for determining trading strategy. doing costs are said to include commissions, act and fortune costs. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991).Commissions are most easy to destine as these are fixed and relate to the fees paid for trading. However there is a problem of touchstone executing and opportunity costs as these are neither fixed nor can be considerably measured. While a number of approaches have been developed for beat opportunity and trading costs, a method acting to suit all circumstances has not been evolved so far. The complexities involved and since minor differentials make major edition in profits an effective strategy to constantly provide yield is challenging.Investment strategies thus s et out to rationalize trading to provide benefits from execution as well as opportunity costs. Since there is no uniform strategy that can assure trading profits it is very difficult to balance the declamatory number of factors which affect swops. Timing in fact is a constant which affects both opportunity and execution costs. Opportunity Costs and execution costs are both a variable component of act costs. Thus profits in transaction are determined by opportunity and execution costs and the balance that will be maintained mingled with these.Opportunity costs are the performance dearth that arises from a failure to execute the desired trade at the desired time. These indicate the difference between actual investment and the performance of a desired investment. This is adjusted for fixed and execution costs. Thus opportunity cost is incurred for not being able to implement the desired trade. Since opportunity costs are befuddled investment opportunities, these could in some res pects be called hypothetical costs and thus are difficult to calculate. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991)Execution costs arise out of the demand for immediate execution and are said to shine the demand for liquidity and the trading activity at the time and date of conducting trade. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991). These vary with the investment path and trading demands of the investor. Both tuition motivated traders and information less traders could use strategies to benefit from execution costs.The information motivated trader acts in the belief that he has superior information to that available to the average dealer. Thus he executes the trade using this information for making profits. This style of trading has a large wrong impact. On the other hand the information less trader allocates wealth based on a scathe which has been factored in the trade. These have a lesser impact than information motivated traders. The problem measuring execution costs occurs as the difference in the price of th e costs in absence of a trade is not observable. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991)Execution costs are determined by foodstuff impact and market timing costs. Market impact costs are the bid/ask spread and a price concession that compensates the buyer or seller for the risk that the investors transaction is information motivated. The Market timing costs arise due to the fact that at the time of execution of the trade the assets price moves for reasons which are not related to the transaction. Market impact measurement is dependent on the pre trade measures, the post trade measures and also average measures which can be undertaken throughout the day. These approaches aim to define the good value of the trade at a particular time. It is this that determines execution costs.Market making strategy thus attempts to balance opportunity and execution costs. Patient trading strategies may result in high execution costs while aggressive trading strategies could impact the other way. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991). On the other hand the cost management methodology is designed to capture maximum elements of the transaction process. (Collins. Fabozzi 1991). Execution costs are also shown to be higher in an automated trading process in Paris relative to the parvenu York Stock Exchange with bedight based trading with human intervention.The lower execution in grade based system suggests that there is benefit in human intervention in the trading process. This is feasible as the NYSE specialist is able to maintain narrow spreads, can anticipate future lodge imbalances and also helps reduce the volatility of transitory movements in share prices. Thus as specialist and floor traders use the human intellect to make time preferred trades, execution costs in manual(a) trading are considerably lower than those in automated trading. This is also supported by the purpose played by market makers in forming prices and providing liquidity in the securities market as per example gleaned from the t rading behavior of market makers on the New York Stock Exchange. (Madhavan. Smidt 1993).ReferenceMadhavan, Ananth. Smidt, Seymour. (1993). An Analysis of Changes in Specialist Inventories and Quotations, journal of Finance, Vol 48, 19932. Venkataraman, Kumar. Automated Versus Floor Trading An Analysis of Execution Costs on the Paris and New York Exchanges, journal of Finance, Vol 56, No. 43. Collins, Bruce M. Fabozzi, Frank. (1991). A Methodology for Measuring Transaction Costs, Financial Analysts Journal, March/April 1991. favored language style English(U.K.)

Adrenaline rush Essay Example for Free

Adrenaline rush EssayThis week was so stressful. For the entire tout ensemble week, I was delegate to track the advertising history of the ships companys sports whoop it up client. I ran through hundreds of video tapes of the sport jollifys advertisement in the span of 5 years, noting each and every aspect in the ideals in their communication style. I was assessing the visual, the limit and the semiology of the whole thing. Whats worse about it is that I have to review the entire set of tapes in the office. I would have liked it watching at home but I have to be intent in the workplace. exclusively knowing it was a job I accepted the challenge and readied myself for hours and hours of video tapes. But I learned another valuable idea in the media sedulousness concerning contents of the advertising. In a modal value, it does imply that advertisements do manipulate the consumer behavior. Watching the advertisements of the sport drink, I observed how it evolved into describi ng the product itself into touching the wellness issues of the health-conscious and athletes.Like what the sport drink company wants to advertise their latest sports drink product that addresses the more health-conscious consumer, I realized that they now be conscious of the detail that people today likes to know more of the content of their product, and that is their aim in their new advertising venture. Other things I was exposed this week learning semiotics of the print ads of the sports drink company details on how STG Media Corp. analyzes these given semiotics establishing more communication with the sports drink companydeveloping more personal and professional relationship with the seminal Team (they invited me to one of their deliberations and I get to witness how they brain-storm ideas for the project) workweek 4 (provide date) It was a week of adrenaline rush. The Creative Team finalized their product and was presented to the sport drink company. They liked it With thi s the whole team was pressed for time. Everybody seemed to be really anticipating the results. I was assigned to track the statistics of how the product is doing in the market after the release of the advertisement.The company has a great way to promote the product and was successfully able to deliver the results for the company. Other thing I learned is that the media industry has many issues to deal with. Like for example, the Creative Team was perfectionists in the sense that after releasing the takings in form of the print ad, they wanted to be sure that the effects of the print ad impart be evident and reflected through sales. They were still anxious and worried of the end result when in fact they already did their job by producing a print ad.I realized that many of them really argon dedicated in providing the client with their moneys worth. Another thing I realized is that companies getting even advertisements seriously. I thought that business management theories and ideal s only entails that they give importance to advertisements, but through this dwell I learned that they are really committed in selling the idea to the consumer. And this generates the influence of media to the consumers. Week 5 (provide date) This week was a mix of tasks.One of the most raise things exposed to me was the process of reviewing the Creative Team and the advertising project in general. I thought that the evaluation of the employees was done by the executives of the company alone, but at STG Media Corp. , they provide real life processes in dealing with feat issues. The company has an interesting way to evaluate its employees. There is the concept of a performance improvement plan that is drawn surrounded by the Human Resource department of the company and from the employees manager, in this case the Creative Team head.These reports are then presented to the employees. This draw my attention as I realize that the method of evaluating employees in this company is a no n-punitive method that demonstrates how the company recognizes the issues in the Team but are willing to work with the employee and give them luck to improve. It was interesting to me because of notice that one particular person was not able to contribute that much in the Creative Team and was not able to contribute much ideas in the process (I was present in almost all their meetings so this is an observation that is true).The evaluation was not very good to him and as a result, the whole Creative Team talked it through the management. The executives of the company then addressed a letter to the employee and showed his performance evaluation. After which, the whole Creative Team approached and talked to him and encouraged him to be open and present his ideas. Turns out, the team portion was intimidated with the other professionals he is working with and needs to feel he is welcomed in the team on with his ideas.

Music affect the growth of a plant Essay Example for Free

Music affect the growth of a coif Essay shew growth is the development of seeds of a plant, which tycoon be surrounded by a protective and alimentary rich layer called the fruit, into plant tissue that includes roots, leaves, and the al-Qaida (along with all the cells and new(prenominal) things that this tissue is composed of) to hold a broad(a)y functioning, living, multi-cellular, eukaryotic organism that lacks the ability to move (a plant). Their growth is affected by some(prenominal) factors that include soil moisture, soil pH, sunlight, nitrogen-content of the soil and more. If some these factors be affected in negative ways, whence on that point can be some negative outcomes on the plant itself which could include death. Music might also be bingle of these affecting factors. In this experiment, two very young plants (pinto bean sprouts genus Phaseolus vulgaris) will be planted at the comparable time and will have the same quantity of everything from sunlight to the amount of water they get daily.After they have grown a little and the stem has begun to emerge from within the cotyledons of the bean, they are then separated, and unmatched plant sits in the peace and equable as a control spot the other is subjected to some serious loud unison. If conditions are right, the music should bump around the plants growth. Hypothesis If a pinto bean sprout (Phaseolus vulgaris) plant is grown in a quiet subject area and another pinto bean sprout is grown in an area with loud music playing, the plant in the area with music will grow to be much larger.The amount of growth will be measured with a metric ruler in centimeters Variables Independent Variables Temperature, Light, Water These three factors are every bit distributed among twain plants, so solitary(prenominal) variable that would affect plant growth is the music played. Type of shew and soil same role of bean sprout used for both plants as to ensure that there are no other variables other than the music beingness played for the plant along with the same grammatical case of garden soil Dependent Variables The height of both plants after a day of one plant being exposed to silence and the other to music.Control of Variables 1. Get to pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) to be grown that are identical to ensure no other affecting variables in this experiment other than the music being played. 2. Expose both plants to identical conditions of moisture, temperature, sunlight and have both of them grow in the same type of garden soil and they will be grown in containers with the same size as well. 3. For the plant being exposed to music, the same album is played over and over so the type of music is consistent. Materials and Method Materials2 pinto bean sprouts (Phaseolus vulgaris) 180 ml of water 2 plant pots top coal scuttle is 4 inch diamter 2x 500g of garden soil 500 watt stereo Metric Ruler Linkin jet Album Hybrid Theory 100 ml graduated cylinder Method and Pr ocedure 1. cover the 2 plant pots and fill them each with 500 g of garden soil 2. Then, take a pinto bean and plant it in each of the pots plant each bean so that it is just merely submerged under the soil. 3. Then, take each pot to a several(predicate) localisation, but a location in which both plants will be exposed to the same amount of sunlight, heat, etc4. Then, just leave one plant in the serenity of its surroundings (its the control) and place the 500 watt stereo undermentioned to the other plant. Put the CD into the stereo and have the stereo play at astir(predicate) three-fourths its full volume and have it play next to the plant and have it play for a minimum of 7 hours next to the plant. Look at the diagram below for more information. 5. At noon give both plants 30 ml of water using the graduated cylinder. Do this again at 6 p. m. 6. The next day, note your observations and record your findings in a table.7. Then feed the plants again and play the music for at least 7 hours and record the observations once more the next day. SETUP Data Collection and paygrade Table The effect of music on plant growth Day install without Music Plant with Music 1 The plant had sprouted and a small stem began to appear- 2 cm in length The plant had also sprouted and a stem larger than that of the other plants appeared- about 2. 47 cm 2 The plant continued to grow and the stem had reached a height of approximately 3. 22 cm.The plants stem also continued to grow but the stem had now reached a height of about 3. 85 cm Data Evaluation From the numbers and observations presented in the above data, that as time passed and the plants were nigh monitored, the plant that had the music playing seemed to grow a lot more than the plant that grew in the quiet and serene environment the quiet plant ended with a height of 3. 22 cm while the plant with music ended with a height of about 3. 85 cm. Conclusion and Evaluation Conclusion.In the above data, it is deciphered that pl ants that grow with music grow much more than plants that grow in a quieter environment. This all has to do with the fact that different factors affect or mother plants, and live is one of them. And, from the data, sound is a positive stimuli as it increased plant growth in one of the plants. This verifies the hypothesis and, since there are other results on the internet as well to verify that music really does stimulate plants, the results are plausible and reliable.Limitations Not everything can go according to plan or as hoped and so these errors that occurred during the experiment provide a basis from which the experiment can be proved 1. There was only one trial instead of several and the experiment in this one trial was over a 48 hour period and it should have been longer so that the true comparison of the difference surrounded by a plant grown with music and a plant grown without music can be easily made. 2.Only one type of music (rock) was used and so it is now unknown wh ether different kinds of music and sound also act as a different remark for the plant. Suggestions for Improvement To crap a much better and more reliable experiment, the experiment should be carried on for about a 4 day period in order to acquire more results than can show the differences betwixt plants with and without music. Then, there should be at least 3 different plants one control, one with a type of music, and another with a different type of music.This then will help to go deeper and explore this stimulus of sound toward plants on different levels. This entire experiment should then be at least iterate one more time to ensure plausible results.Bibliography http//forums. gardenweb. com/forums/load/teach/msg0113244514471. hypertext markup language? /teach/msg0113244514471. html http//www. sproutnet. com/toc. htm http//www. gcagators. org/Activities/fair/jason/analysis. htm.

Problem of assessment and analysis Essay Example for Free

Problem of assessment and analysis EssayIn umteen countries there are sex activity differences and inequality among boys and girls. High conceit and low conceit continue to nurse in schools, colleges, communities and societies. Most of the places that carry gender differences are employment offices wherein virtually educated, intelligent and dynamic upstart professionals high moral and self-esteem standards in gender differences.This has become a natural self- apprehension and is not taught in a school classroom or by the inclusion of a subject on gender differences in educational curriculum. The problem of assessment and analysis of various countries adolescents in price of gender differences and temper of self-concept is compared from one country to another.Whether in this era of globalisation, the ethnic and gender differences continue to persist among young pile as in the past or is there going to be any change in the mindset of young boys and girls. Multinationa l companies, global operations and global culture and environment have facilitated more young professionals to work in a diversified environment in which there is no subscribe of gender differences except to the occurrence that female employees are considered for maternity leave and to seek assistance for babys room care.However, in many parts of the world, inspite of tremendous potential of technology development, the basic of gender differences continue to experience in terms of superiority of masculine over feminine and this is by and large is acceptable with the fact that, men are more coercive and hard working than women in any part of the world, whether it is in United States, Japan, Europe, UK or Asia. Researchers have made an indepth research on the concept of gender and on the concept of self. 2. Literature ReviewJosephs et al (1992) researched that men are more individualistic than women and carry high self-esteem in e very(prenominal) aspect and in terms of gaining respect and dignity is also greater than women. This describes that the lookout of men towards society and life is much different from what women search for in life. Men are considered as more superior for all good purposes than men. Kashima et al (1995) in an article conducted a research on gender and self from the view of sovietism and individualism on 1000 psychology students from 5 cultures.2 collectivists from Korea and Japan, 1 from Hawaii, and 2 individualists from Australia 2 from Mainland USA. All the participants concluded that gender differences and self-concept are basically dependent on the emotional level and dependence. Cultural differences are also due to the response from respondents and those acting as self-sufficing agents. There was also another research conducted on gender differences that may not be very(prenominal) in various countries and there were two investigations conducted on this aspect.The first investigation establish on the self-concept of 609 co re class adults from Lithuania, Hong Kong, USA (Watkins Yau, et al.. 1997) It was found that within the country, self-components were much smaller than amongst-country effects. The second investigation was conducted on 1580 favorable science undergraduates from 8 countries represented by 4 individuals, 5 collectivist cultures (Watkins Adait, et al 1996) and it was found that collectivism and individualism is not sufficient for explaining cultural differences in self-concept.Exploration of self-concept has been performed by TST as a powerful tool for assessment of cultural differences in the nature of self-concept. The Adult Sources of Self-esteem Inventory (ASSEI Elovson Fleming, 1989) was designed to accumulate this function and this instrument contains two sections with 20 identical items. The first section describes subjects to identify as to how Copernican to each one item is for self-esteem and the second section is about rating of self- joy in various aspects.Markins K itayama 1991 has aruged that in a cross cultural setting self-esteem is more appropriately seen in items of self- joy instead of self-enhancement. 3. Research Design Importance of self and self satisfaction with 20 possible sources of self-esteem was collected from countries which were both western and non-western. By conducting varimax factor analysis, the results of average male and female values of each country are obtained from factor scores. This is called as ecological factor analysis.These factors are further used to ascertain correlations with another country level data such as in economic indicators and cultural indices (Hofstedes 1983) Further Hofstede 1990 Chinese cultural connection 1987 it was argud that cultural instead of individual analysis is the most favourite(a) factor for examining the differences among cultures. The overall saitsfaction for Turkish students was coefficient alpha of . 97 with internal consistency with ASSEI measurement. Further for US sample, t he average test-retest reliabilities over a 2 week period indicated .69 and . 67 respectively (Davis-Zinner, 1990) With the Rosenberg self-esteem home (Rosenberg, 1965) the ASSEI total satisfaction score in this research as . 37 and . 52. Social desirability was metrical by the marlowe-crowne weighing machine and had only minor influences on ASSEI satisfaction scores. The respective correlatios were . 28 and . 23. Cross cultural film validity evidence was performed on 139 Turkish undergraduate students (Inelman, 1996) and found that the coorelation was . 65 and .55 between ASSEI unweight and unweighted satisfaction scores. General esteem as per Coopersmith self-esteem inventory from Swedish study (Watkins, Yau, Dahlin and Wondimu, 1997) which revealed a coorelation of . 45 with self-esteem as assessed by the TST. Factor scores were used in Individualism-Collectivitism by sex compendium of Variance (ANOVA) and to correlate with culture level data such as tax revenue National produce (GNP) and Hofstedes indices were available. 4. Realiability and ValidityASSEI is a 20 item inventory that requested each respondent to come in either on 1 for very low and 10 for very high rating scale for the importance on self on gender basis and gender satisfaction with different aspects of somebodys self-concept in terms of animal(prenominal), social, ethical, familial and intellectual. For the facility of non-western nation citzens, each item was translated into the local words by teams of bilingual social scientists by using the approved transation method (Brislin 1986) whereas for Nepal as the English was speak language, reliability and rating was much easier.The total participants for the research study were 3604 in total and the participants were mostly undergraduate psychology and educational courses pursuing students. All the students were studying in reputed universities in urban areas including South Africa. The participants were from Australia, Canada, ref reshful Zealand, U. S. A, White South Africans, and 10 samples from China, Ethiopia, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Nigeria, Phillippines, Zimbabwe, and Black Africans according to study of Hofstede 1983.Appendices and collected survey and data revealed that most of the males and females were leading satisfactory relationships with families, appropriate discharge and delegation of responsibilities and were honest in relationships whereas in terms of earning contentedness there was less satisfaction and particularly, south African males and females were leading low satisfactory lives in terms of self-esteem. 5. Statistical analysisTable 1 explains about Ecological Factor Analysis of Standardized acres Means of ASSEI importance which is based on the 4 factor analysis (Cattell, 1966) The four factor resultant is categorized into Factor 1 Intellectual achievements which is rated as 23. 6%, Factor II Family values and personal success which is rated as 19. 1%, Factor III Intell igence vs Group morality which is rated as 12. 1% and Factor IV Social relationships vs physical abilities which is rated as 10. 3%. Table 2 dilate about factor scores on 4 ASSEI importance factors for 15 country Groups by gender which is based on Individual Collectivism x Gender ANOVAs.Satisfaction levels in family relationships, morality levels, personal satisfaction, cultural, physical appearance social relationships and group living styles were some of the factors that were included in the table. Table 3 details about Means of culture, Means for combined Individualist and Collectivist. Culture by gender for importance and satisfaction factor scores. Table 4 is the summary statistics from Individualist/Collectivist x gender analysis of mutation of importance and satisfaction factor scores. Table 5.correlates of importance and satisfaction factor scores with cultural dimensions and Gross National Product (GNP) 6. Conclusion The ecological research conducted on 3604 undergraduat e students proved to be very useful for findings on gender differences and nature of self-concept. It was revealed at various levels through factors that there is an overall satisfaction in family relationships and society relationships apart from physical appearance and cultural life style. Females are more calculated in family relationships than males.The research and findings of Bond (1994), Schwartz (1994), Joseph (1992), Watkins Adair, (1996), Trompenaars and Williams (1995) were proved to be very beneficial in this research. The critical study on gender differences along with nature of concept is a very crucial study of kind relationships particularly when it is researched on 14 countries wherein different cultures and traditions, languages are involved, this study result is absolutely benefitting and also stands as an example for further analysis of Individualism and collectivism.References Judith A. Howard Gendered situations, gendered selves Accessed 7 April 2009 http//bo oks. google. co. in/books? id=vn345QTs6t4Cpg=PA73lpg=PA73dq=gender+and+nature+of+self-conceptsource=blots=uZGIycRv8fsig=O1gfY3ivjR9o9aC93njWvZ9qjowhl=enei=O8TZSfKNLqjo6gPjieiECwsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=4 Marieke K. de Mooij world-wide marketing and advertising Accessed 7 April 2009 http//books. google. co. in/books?id=SlRlGVYRBWcCpg=PA131lpg=PA131dq=gender+and+nature+of+self-concept+fourteen+countries+studysource=blots=xPKkCymhWBsig=DhVFdAO9fGvXrfXpX5ZOm3hSfqchl=enei=Y8TZSaDDE8mBkQXByZC9CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8 Susan S. Klein, Handbook for Achieving Gender Equity Through Education Accessed 7 April 2009 http//books. google. co. in/books? id=y0OCnSMf-foCpg=PA288lpg=PA288dq=gender+and+nature+of+self-concept+fourteen+countries+studysource=blots=RMQ2qSaVBxsig=RRJdn9sz-MEb09URNeHIEcwXp2Uhl=enei=Y8TZSaDDE8mBkQXByZC9CQsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5

Han China and Gupta India Essay Example for Free

Han china and Gupta India EssayHan China differed from Gupta India politically, developing a strong bureaucratic system plot of ground India allowed local rulers to stay in control, but the Guptas cerebrate much than on batch and made more gifted achievements than China, especially in mathematics. They established empires that were successful, but also distinct in their own ways. Although these cardinal nicetys were notably different politically, economically, and intellectually, both were successful in bringing prosperity to their empires. During the Han dynasty, China successfully alter its bureaucracy, but in India local rulers maintained regional control. Indias territory never grew to be as large as Chinas, so different forms of government were needed for each civilization. Han China retained the centralized government formed by the Qin, and expanded the bureaucracy. The bureaucratic system suited China, because it was able to nominate the civilization as it exp anded into a large empire. The emperor Wu Ti created civil service examinations for his bureaucrats, which could be taken by any male. Wu Ti also urged Confucianism in order to gain buy at, as it urged keep for the government.On the other hand, India lacked an commodious bureaucracy, and local rulers were allowed to keep control as long as they remained loyal to Gupta authority. Because of its separated regions, it was very difficult to politically unify India. Similar to China, the Gupta rulers turned to religion to strengthen support for the government. In contrast to China, they favored Hinduism because they claimed to be appointed by Hindu gods. Additionally, Hinduism encouraged the rigid caste system. The empires were also similar because political power was given to landowners.Although the Gupta check is considered the golden age of India, providing its greatest period of political stability, it never developed the solid bureaucracy that Han China did. Although trade is vital to any civilizations success, India emphasized trade far more than China did. Chinas economy focused on extensive internal trade, while India developed more maritime trade. Trade gradually became more important during the Han dynasty, focusing on luxury items for the upper class such as silks, leather, and jewelry. Internal trade was made easier by the standardization of currency and circulation of copper coins.Han rulers expanded the empire, which allowed trade with more places. Some merchants notwithstanding took profitable trips to India. Even though they were important, trade and the merchant class did not become the focal points of Chinese economy. This was due to the emphasis on Confucianism, which frowned upon a life devoted to moneymaking. On the other hand, the Guptas established a strong economy. It was partly based on technological sophistication, new inventions, and production. For example, Indian artisans were the first to manufacture like cloth, calico, and cas hmere.In these areas, India and China were rivaling, but the Indias economy became more vigorous. Merchant activity was greater in India than in China, with merchants at a relatively high caste status. They trave conduct by land, and also by sea, increasing maritime trade. Han China and Gupta Indias economies can be compared as firmly agricultural, both relying on a large peasant class, organized into cooperative close-knit villages. Han rulers regulated agricultural supplies by storing unneeded grain and rice in good times, preventing price increases when harvests were bad.The Gupta period in India was known for its wealth, which was due to extensive trading both internally and by sea, as opposed to Han Chinas economy, which relied more on technological innovations. The Hans and Guptas both made many important intellectual achievements, but there was more academician success in India, especially in mathematics. The Chinese studied astronomy, calculating the movement of planets, a s surface as observing sunspots. During the Han dynasty, scientists invented a seismograph to register earthquakes. In addition, they actively researched medicine, studying principles of hygiene that would support long-lasting lives.Generally, the Chinese focused their studies on practical findings, such as discovering how things worked. They studied the mathematics of music that led to advances in acoustics. Like China, Indian scientists also progressed in astronomy and medicine. Many astronomical discoveries were made, such as the calculation of the solar year, the circumference and daily rotation of Earth, a theory of gravity, and the discovery of seven planets. In medicine, hospitals also stressed cleanliness, like China. India surpassed China in mathematical discoveries. Scholars created a numbering system and the concepts of vigor and negative numbers.Mathematicians also calculated square roots and a more accurate value of pi. These advances in both civilizations were possi ble because of support from the government. In China, the government sponsored intellectual life, organizing research in astronomy. The Guptas had a ample university center in Nalanda featuring lecture halls, libraries, and an observatory. This supported the new discoveries that were being made. Both civilizations made important intellectual achievements that were advanced by world standards, but Gupta India especially excelled in mathematics. The Han and Gupta dynasties were both successful periods in China and India.Their success was due to different causes, because their societies were very unlike each other. Chinas government relate on its strong bureaucracy developed during the Han dynasty, while India never advanced a decent bureaucratic system. Both civilizations had strong economies, but India focused more on over-sea trade than China did. Also, Gupta India made more intellectual achievements particularly in science and mathematics. The Han and Gupta periods were similar i n some ways, but their civilizations showed distinct differences politically, economically, and intellectually.

Self-Reflective Essay Essay Example for Free

Self-Reflective Essay Essayclimax into college I knew report was my main weakness. It was something in school that no matter how hard I worked at it I just never unwrapmed to get the hang of it. I knew USEM focused on writing, reading, and speaking, so I was very eager to get the opportunity to better my writing skills with a university professional. I happen that everyplace the year my writing skills have vastly improved and I truly am excited to see where I will be in the coming years. With my first assignment analyzing the picture of food I was honestly stuck on where to even depress. It was so difficult for me to find remotely anything to start writing approximately and I was stuck. I struggled through the short paper and I feel the end product was kinda unsatisfactory. When it comes to the diagnostics we do from program to class I feel like I have vastly improved and I am so happy about that.In regards to my speaking skills I feel I posses a very high ability to spe ak in front of people. Im a very social person and I dont have a occupation talking in front of people. Ironically, until the age of about 14 I was terrified to talk in front of people at all. I have truly worked on it to work out that forethought behind me. Knowing that speaking is one of my strengths, I still look forward to improving my writing skills throughout next term and the remainder of the year.I feel like my elaborateness in the class was quite good. When it came to our impromptu presentations I was always one of the first to go and I was always booked in everybody elses presentation. I respect the views of my classmates on all issues. I really enjoy winning my standing on a topic and comparing it to those around me and seeing why they look at it from that angle. I was on time to every class except one day and I was sick. I dont like missing classes because being behind is one of the worst things in myopinion.In coming terms I unavoidableness to improve on getting ex tra help outdoors of class. I didnt utilize office hours as often as I should and I need to work on that. I know that it is very helpful and I need to truly begin to take advantage of that help as I feel like it will give me the refer I need to take my education to the next level. That is my biggest goal in coming terms and I feel like if I can accomplish that, I will have no problems with participation in this course.So far I feel like I have been decently fortunate in college. My ability to turn in assignments and get them in on time has improved greatly from high school and I am so happy about that. I understand that as soon as I am able to reach out to Solly outside of class I should be set on the right track to truly being successful in college and I truly cannot wait to see the progress I make in the coming terms.

The Garden Party - a Short Story Essay Example for Free

The Garden Party a Short Story EssayThe wonderful short story The Garden Party found in Chapter 27 of the book How to Read Literature like a Professor shows the maturing of a young woman. The of import character, a vibrant girl named Laura, takes on big responsibilities and delays how hard the founding can re anyy be. She goes with a series of test that introduced her to growing up, such as planning a garden political party and helping out her neighbors during a hard time. This great story helps wiz know what it looks like when a situation comes our way that wees us grow up, not in size but in maturity. one(a) of the greatest impacts in life is going through an experience that is so big or unfeasible to you and being able to get through it to find the deeper meaning. The young girl was given a enormous responsibility when her fret said, Its no use asking me. Im determined to fall in everything to you treat me as an honored guest. Laura had to plan the garden party d eal with the florist, bakery, and the men who put up the marquee.Wanting to prove how independent she could be Laura not only had to conquer her fears, she had to act tough and make the best garden party to prove to her mother she was capable of it. She wanted to follow in her mothers footsteps and be as professional as she could. When the men came to put up the marquee she had a very hard time trying to act older with the workers and trying to show them that she was the one with all the power. The way she acts proves that she was trying very hard to not disappoint anyone, making it seem like she was in control of everything at all times. The second example really finished out the transformation it candid her mind to a deeper understanding. It all started the day of the party when a man down the block had passed away.When Laura hear of his passing she wanted to cancel the celebration, but due to a talk with her mother, Laura realized that she should equitable go on with the party and afterward worry about the man and his mourning family. As soon as the party was over she went over and took the leftovers to the family down the block. Despite the crowd of people dressed in non-white sobbing about the loved one she gathered up all her strength and was taken deep down to see the deceased man. When a young girl experiences an event such as the death of soul its life changing to see the life of someone sucked out of their body and seeing them just imposition there as if in a deep sleep is not an easy task for a child to understand in so far she got every part of it and even felt for the crying woman and cried herself .And though she wasnt familiar with the man she felt for him, she shared the sadness of the family along with the realization that things happen that one cannot control. It not only made her more mature but it also changed the way she saw the world around her. Growing up is not easy and some have more trouble than others, yet the young girl did a exceptional job of putting aside her emotions for time being and just keep going no matter what problems came into her path there is a time for everything. The amazing payoff of the garden party along with the life-changing experience of seeing a dead man made her see life through different eyes. She showed great courage in every step that she made and turn up that she was capable of anything.

Indias Role in the Climate Change Summit Essay Example for Free

Indias Role in the mood Change Summit EssayThe worlds nation today adopted a package dubbed the cancun Agreements buildings blocks for a time to come legal treaty to address mood revision amid concerns that commitments to avert acceptable level of world(a) heating system remain missing. Negotiators from 194 countries agreed on a fare of decision that the un mood secretariat said would set all governments more firmly on the path towards the low emissions future and provide support to create countries on their action on climate change. India played a key role at the climate change summit , proposing a new mechanism to allow international scrutiny of all countries including India s action to crub emission of greenhouse gases. The invironment minister Jairam Ramesh also signalled that India would eventually consider legally binding crubs on emission, a shift from its long standing position. Some environmental grouos have criticised these moves by India. But climate change analyst s have said Indias proposal for serutiny of the climate climate change exchange actions radiate an acceptance of the principal of transparency. And (Rmeshs) assertions on legaklly binding actions is an indicator that India is pull up stakesing to shift from the position of doing nothing to connexion the global community in fiting climate change ,an analyst in Cancun said.This does not mean India will accept legally bending cuts next year, he said . The Cancun documents of ficially recognise emissions curbs targets set by industrialize and developing countries and once every year by the developing countries. But the target of cutting global emissions by 50 % by the year 2050- part of the draft circulated yesterday has been replaced by text job for subsantial reductions in blobal emissions by 2050 .The Cancun decision pledge US$30 billion in fast runner finance from the industrialised countries to support climate action in developing countries. The goal is to raise this to U S$ 100 billion by 2020. Thew agreements alsorecognise the need of countries to work towards the keeping the rise in the aversge global temperature below 2 degree c. Cancun has done its job , said chistiana Figueres, head of the UN climate change secretariat after the agreement was adopted today. lt is not what is required but it is the essential foundation on which to build greater collective ambition Figueres said. But several environmental group including Indias centre for knowledge and Environment have pointed out thst the emission reduction pledge made by all countries so far are way below the whst is required to keep the rise in the average temperature.

Relationship Between Motivation And Performance

Relationship amongst Motivation And Performance1) To review the literature in order to understand the alliance between round indigence and exertion (including low absenteeism, lessen lag spinover etc.),and how increased emworld powerment of staff flush toilet correct staff need(including the comparison with the rele vant motivating factors).2) To review the literature in order to unwrap what is considered to be good employment in terms of some(prenominal) sanction and recognition and to comp be this with the occurrent practice at the Bombay HospitalTHE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STAFF MOTIVATION AND INDIVIDUAL motionShortages coffin nail be a symptom of de pauperization, low management and pretermit of organisational support (Zurn et al., 2005). Shortages atomic number 18 resulting in heavy accomplishmentload, which is a precursor to business concern stress, and burnout, which rich person also been linked to low personal credit line motivation. Nurses line of get mo tivation is an elusive theoryion, which is defined inwardly its extrinsic and inhering values (Cowin, 2002). Extrinsic values insure the tangible aspects of the chisel including wages, benefits and bonuses, whereas intrinsic values include status, recognition, take(prenominal) and sea captain development opportunities, and some otherwise equivalent factors (Cowin, 2002). Reasons for halt demotivation have been well documented in the treat literature. Such reasons include lack of pastime in decisiveness-making, poor intercourseship with management, low salaries and poor benefits, lack of job security, poor recognition and lack of flexibility in scheduling (Albaugh,2003). Nurse demotivation has been also linked to emotional exhaustion and burnout,Which can coin forbearing outcomes (Aiken et al., 1997). Further much than than Shields Ward (2001) and Tzeng (2002) has also stated that improper motivation is a primary prognosticator of sop ups intent to farewell (S hields Ward, 2001 Tzeng, 2002). A postulate conducted in the United States presented evidence showing that demotivated hold ins were 65% more likely to have intent to leave compared to the motivated counter positions (Shields Ward, 2001). Other predictors of intent to leave set forth from other motivation factors like low salaries and fringe benefits, inflexible have schedule (Coomber Barriball, 2007 Hayes et al, 2006), carry oner publicity prospects (Tzeng, 2002, Rambur et al., 2003), in addition to poor management and job stress (Rambur et al., 2003). Nurses turnover is linked to situational factors (Larrabee et al., 2003) such as low takes of motivation (Tzeng, 2002). It is worth noning that improper motivation has also been found to be a bump predictor of intent to leave as compared to the avail efficiency of other employment opportunities (Shields Ward, 2001 Purani Sahadev 2007). A occupy by El-Jardali et al. (2007) also found a negative correlation between motiv ation and conception to leave in Lebanese guards. Their theaters main objective was to examine the impact of motivation as a predictor unsettled on tendency to leave used as dependent inconsistent in the study. The finding of the study reveals that the main cause of the dis rejoicing and hence intention to leave was negatively associated with hospitals motivation schemes such as wages and incentives (extrinsic rewards). Purani and Sahadev (2007) used motivation with multi-faceted construct as predictor variable and examine its impact on intention to leave among the nurses in India. Assuming one of the role as interaction and communication with customers and patient of both traffic is common, their study also used live on as moderating variables to examine how running(a) find could affect motivation and intention to leave relationship. Purani and Sahadev (2007) found that employees with long stay at drawplace had racyer(prenominal) level of motivation and would non inc line to quit. Their finding also suggested that motivation and intention to leave relationship frame dress must also have other demographic variables consideration into the model of motivation and intention to leave. Pearson and Chong (1997) also examined the impact of job content and job information on motivation among Malaysian nurses in large public sector hospital. They found that job information is stronger predictor to nurses motivation and therefore argued that intrinsic factors such as job information and governing freight also influence nurses motivation. However, they did recommend that motivation with information cues available to nurses are crucial to determine nurses motivation which may lead to intent to leave or racy job burnout, if non available. Tzeng (2002) examined the impact of constructing motivational factors as well as job comfort factors as independent variables on nurses intention to leave in cross-sectional study in Taiwan. He found that low levels of motivation, emotional exhaustion and burnout and to the poor social image of the nurse art influenced nurses intention to leave in Taiwans hospitals. This study therefore, suggested that motivation is a multi-faceted construct and should have both intrinsic as well as extrinsic factors to time job satisfaction (Tzeng, 2002).HOW MOTIVATION AFFECTS EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCEThe extent to which employees are motivated in their work depends on how well those employees are able to yield output in their job. Motivation is expected to have a positive effect on prize performance. Employees who are characterized by a high level of motivation show a higher work and life satisfaction. Having a high level of motivation is therefore in itself valuable for employees and a slighten in motivation might affect employees negatively. The motivation leads to high level of orifice and creativity from the employee and where supervise is ambitious, motivation is therefore extremely important for e nsuring high quality performance. In Armco Health Center, the quality of employee performance is esteemd by three individual measures of employee performance. The first measure of the individual performance details is a self-rating measure of employee performance through a program called SAP. The performance of the employee asks to indicate eight-points scale how well the employee is doing the job. The second measure of the performance of the Armco Health Center is the extent to which the nurses are willing to conduct tasks that are non part of their job description. The employees are asked to report on the SAP about their willingness to perform additional tasks that are not expected from them regularly and to think constructively about how the organization they work for could be proved. Last item that measure the performance of the nurses are the number of days they were absent.EMPOWERMENT AND STAFF MOTIVATIONNursing is progressively broad in scope and encompasses an ever widen ing range of work behaviors and role responsibilities. However, they work in spite of appearance a climate of uncertainty and dis sanction along with high organizational demands placing them under considerable stress (1,2). This condition threatens both physical and emotional wellorganism of nurses and the profession itself and may results to low nurses commitment which in turn may contribute to disengagement or withdrawal of nurses from their organizations (3,4). Consequently, threatens organizational functioning and the quality care, since low nurses commitment leads to absenteeism or poor performance (5). However, the nurses low commitment is organism a problem in legion(predicate) countries, Aiken et al(6) have cautioned that the wellness care workforce faces the serious risk of losing one in five registered nurse for reasons other than retirement. Supportively, several other studies revealed that the turnover score for hospital registered nurse is among the highest rates fo und for skipper and technical occupational groups (7,8). In addition, in 2002 the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations (JCAHO) record that current annual registered nurse turnover rates range from 18% to 26% (9). Moreover, Victorian political Department of Human Services seek suggests that at low levels of job satisfaction and organizational commitment, remembering of treat staff is difficult and this in turn increases absenteeism (10).The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, like many other countries is also suffering from breast feeding low commitment which evidenced by registered nurses high turnover rate and resignation(11). However, some national studies and articles highlighted that governmental sectors in Riyadh city were suffering for many years from high turnover rate of nurses that reached to 70% in some hospitals and resulted in high nurses famine (12,13) . Along with working condition, salary, nurse dis sanction and uncertainty being cited to expla in why the nurses exhibit poor work performance or uncommitted to their organization. In a research conducted by Attree (17)that studies the relationship between nurses learning regarding their control and judicature , revealed that registered nurse were displease with their governance, comprehendd lack of control over their everyday practice and commented on a popular perception that they had baffle dis authorize , lacked influence and asserted that they have fairly little power. Its the managers and physicians who have the power, not nurses. Both managers and physicians decided, told andexpected from the nurse to just get on with it, without discussion, or negotiation. As Salvage (18), nurses may see themselves as skilled practitioners, but the public still clings to its old image of the nurse as the doctors handmaiden. This indicates that nurses are not powerless due to lack in competence, motivation, and/or information, but because lack of sense and alter system and struc ture. Foser and Hoggett (19) termed this situation as a Do more with less culture where blandishment is designed to empower the exhausted workers by emphasizing their commitment to organizational goals . However, disparity between the nurses coveted and perceived autonomy and control over daily job activities interferes with nurses attempts to perform according to their hopes as passkeys and may contribute to disengagement and withdrawal from the profession of nursing (17). Parallel to this is the national view of nursing in Saudi culture. Abu- Zinada (11,20) stated in many articles that the nurses were disempowered, and have a feeling of uncertainty. In contrast, she saw that the nurse has the right to make endings that are separate of the physician ones. Moreover, Al-morshed (21) considered that the nurses were not assistants to the physician or that their role is contain to giving injection or helping a patient, since the nursing is a science before everything. Thus, creati ng conditions that nurture a sense of mandate in health care settings are critical to both employee wellbeing and organizational success(22) . For employee well-being, authority offers opportunities for goldbricking, development, and playing a more active role in operational findings through the personal development and involvement in decisiveness making. As a result, employees can sense their feelings of self-worth, meaningfulness, job satisfaction and morale that result from their contributions and control or autonomy over their work. Additionally, empowerment is essential for enhancing nurses role, strengthening the professed(prenominal) image, and continuously improving the healthcare system. It allows the nurses to perform in a professional manner by being more autonomous, responsible and participative (23).For organizational success, many hospitals uses the concept of empowerment as a safekeeping strategies to mitigate nurses commitment by fostering the desire not to leave the organization for selfish interests or bare(a) gains, and increase willingness to work by making personal sacrifice, performing beyond normal expectations , endure difficult times with an organization and increasing acceptance of organizations values and goals . As a consequence, nurses will be less burned-out and more engaged in their work and will contribute to organizational effectiveness (24). Although, the concept of empowerment is frequently used in health services and in nursing ,particularly in relation to the quality of care, since the mission of nursing is to return safe and quality nursing care thereby enabling patients to achieve their maximum level of wellness(25). Also empowerment play a significant role in the management of job stress and job satisfaction as well as in nurse attraction and retention ( 26). Hence, creating healthy work conditions that empowered nurses and provide freedom to act according to their expectation as a professional, may be a fruit ful dodging for nurse managers and administrators to retain nurses who shortly work by promoting their commitment to the organization, especially in a critical care settings.Nowadays, many essay power but few possess it. Nurses are not exception (Marquis and Huston, 2000). In health care settings, an short power base exists among administrator, physicians, and nurses as a result of the competing goals of administration and the coexistence of multiple lines of authority (Sabiston and Laschinger, 1995). The inflexibleness of hierarchical rule-bound structures has been specifically blamed for nurses inability to sufficiently control the content of their practice (Laschinger and Havens, 1996). Kanter (1993) proposed that an individuals effectiveness on the job is influenced largely by organizational aspects of the work milieu.This author identified power and access to opportunities to learn and grow, as structural determinants affecting the behavior of the individual. This power is derived from the ability to mobilize information, support, and resources necessary for getting the job through with(p). Access to these empowering structures is influenced by the degree of formal and informal power an employee has in the organization (Kanter,1993). Formal power evolves from having a defined job that affords flexibility, visibility and centrality to organizational purpose and goals whereas informal power is determined by the extent of employees ne 2rks and alliances with sponsors, peers, and subjugates within the organization. Access to these empowering structures has a positive impact on employees, resulting in increase in their job satisfaction, level of organizational commitment and feelings of autonomy. Consequently, employees are more productive and effective in group meeting organizational goals (Dutcher and Adams, 1994 Laschinger et. al., 1999). Nurses autonomy or control over work was seriously limited by unequal power relationships with medical staff, wh ich enhanced physician power and restricted the nurses freedom, and consequently hindered their empowerment (McParland et al., 2000). To achieve purity in nursing requires empowered staff nurses in order to be effective in their roles, and to be more autonomous (Marquis and Huston, 2000). Nurses who perceive them to be empowered are more likely to enhance client care through more effective work practice. Thus by providing the sources of job- tie in empowerment and autonomy, work methods and outcomes could be improved (Kanter, 1993 Sabiston and Laschinger, 1995).EMPOWERMENT IMPROVES MOTIVATION authorisation. Thomas and Velthouse (1990) define empowerment as personal power that flows from professional growth, which is correlated with job satisfaction. Klakovich (1995) further states that the empowerment of nursing staff may be the critical variable in achieving positive organizational outcomes while maintaining the caring values of the nursing profession Klakovich (1996) defines thre e dimensions of empowerment as reciprocity, synergy, and ownership. dominance is a reciprocal leader- ally relationship that advances and aligns strategies, both organizational and individual (Klakovich, 1995). The Reciprocal Empowerment Scale tool reports in three subscales reciprocity and synergy sub-scales represent the interactive leader/follower process the ownership subscale represents the outcomes . Reciprocity involves a leadership behavior pattern of sharing power, support and information. Empowerment Research has shown correlations between nursing leadership job satisfaction and empowerment (Laschinger et al., 2003 Mrayyan, 2004). In recent years, the radical of empowerment has become popular in the nursing literature (Kluska et al., 2000 Laschinger Finegan, 2005). The review of the literature reveals empowerment being used in various circumstances such as, mental health, chronic care, and health promotion (Dahlgaard Dahlgaard, (2003), Paterson(2001) . In these contex ts, the concept of empowerment incorporates positive and respectful relationships through constant dialog (Ellefsen Hamilton, (2000) Prybil( 2003). Morrison, Jones, and Fuller (1997) performed a non-experimental descriptive study that explored the personal effects of leadership style and empowerment on nursing job satisfaction. The participants included various nursing personnel, such as nurse managers, nursing assistants, nursing clinical leaders, licence practical nurses and staff nurses. The researchers examined how staff nurses perceived empowerment The researchers results in their variance analysis indicated a statistically significant difference in empowerment among different job classifications within the organization Empowerment accounted for more variance with job satisfaction for licensed personnel than for unlicensed personnel, as well as, for differing by type of satisfaction. The researchers findings indicate the importance of empowerment to staff nurse job satisfacti on. They also show the contribution of empowerment to job motivation and how they vary by personnel. This study gives reason for performing this research study that examined the relationship of nurse empowerment and motivationFurthermore, studies have shown that Indian nurses had a moderate empowerment level and their actual work empowerment perception was significantly lower than their expectation (Huang, Lin, Hsu, Chen, Huang, 2003). The findings also showed that nurses had the lowest score on participation in decision making. Researchers pointed out that the nursing leaders tended to use authority and might only consult several members opinions for decision making. The opportunity for nurses to participate in decision making is limited. As such, frontline nurses might think decision making is the managers responsibility, not theirs (Mok Au-Yeung, 2002).Participation can be seen as the highest level of empowerment. Nurses level of participation in decision making (PDM) can be us ed as an important indicator of empowerment. In western health care system, it has been found that the area where nurses prefer to be involved in decision-making is more related to the context of nursing practice, such as nursing unit operation (Blegen et al., 1993). Yet, in Indian nurses PDM is still not well studied. The extent to which nurses prefer to be or are actually involved in decision making is still not clear. Laschinger and Finegan (2005) canvased 273 medical, surgical and critical care nurses concluding that structural empowerment had a direct effect on organizational trust and respect, job motivation and commitment. An important addition to the accord of empowerment in nursing education was another finding that empowerment increased motivation level of the nurses (Falk-Raphael, Chinn, Anderson, Laschinger, Rubotzky, 2004)Work empowerment has been linked to many other important organizational outcomes, such as job motivation, organizational commitment, lower levels o f job stress and empowering leader behaviors (Spence-Laschinger, Tuer-Hodes, 2003). Hollinger-Smith and Ortigara (2004) stated that nurses perceptions of work empowerment are related to commitment to and trust in the organization, autonomy, participation in organizational decision-making, and job motivation. Increased autonomy and work motivation have been directly linked to nurse retention and increased patient satisfaction (Hollinger-Smith Ortigara, 2004). Empowering work environments can also influence nurses ability to practice in a professional manner, ensuring excellent patient care and positive organizational outcomes. Organizational changes have a direct effect on the work environment and may contribute to higher rates of demotivation, burnout and absenteeism among staff (Kuokkanen, Savikko Doran, 2007). Factors of empowerment can also provide a way to measure the effects of organizational changes (Kuokkanen et al., 2007).To achieve excellence in nursing requires empowere d staff nurses in order to be effective in their roles, and to be more autonomous (Marquis and Huston, 2000). Nurses who perceive them to be empowered are more likely to enhance patient care through more effective work practice. Thus by providing the sources of job-related empowerment and autonomy, work methods and outcomes could be improved (Kanter, 1993 Sabistonand Laschinger, 1995). In Sochalskis (2002) survey of nurse empowerment , it was found that 1 out of 3 staff nurse participants (manager and staff level) were dissatisfied and hence demotivated in their job. Increasing job satisfaction, as it positively correlates with empowerment and organizational commitment, is a strategy to help retain employees (Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, Casier, 2000). As patient care becomes more technologically advanced and complex, (requiring greater experience on the part of nursing staff to perform the job correctly), body of work stability and autonomy become invaluable in a hospital settin g (Laschinger et al,2000.). Many researchers have concluded that building collaborative decision making teams will empower both nursing and managerial staff which boosts morale and work performance (Cowin, 2002 Kluska et al., 2004). Ellefsen and Hamilton (2000) concluded that nurse empowerment encourages nurses in management positions to perform their duties efficiently and with confidence and competence. Research suggests when hospital leadership encourages subordinate empowerment there is a direct link to increased subordinate job satisfaction and motivation (Laschinger, Finegan, Shamian, Wilk, 2001). Evidence has shown that empowered nurses shift their self-perceived role from that of a subordinate to partner which encourages consensus building, improves job ownership, improves trust and the followers motivation, sense of responsibility and organizational commitment( Wagner ,2006 Watson, 2002). Empowerment not only increases job motivation, but inspirational and visionary tra nsformational leadership encourages the highest level of staff efficiency and productivity (Keuter, Byrne, Voell, Larson, 2000 Moss Rowles, 1997). Masi (2000) concluded that empowerment provides opportunities for choice and promotes autonomy, which allows subordinates to demonstrate their competencies.The espoused benefits of empowermentThe supposed benefits of empowerment can be broadly divided into two areas benefits for the organization and benefits for the individual. Much of the empirical research into empowerment has focused on organizational benefits assuming that these are the driving force behind attempts to engender empowered working (Cunningham et al., 1996). Certainly the motivation for managerial espousal of empowerment is typically driven to help managers manage and improve work organization and job performance, not to primarily create an environment that is beneficial for the employee (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). Global competition and a changing business environm ent have prompted organizational change in response to increased pressures to improve efficiency and performance (Lawler et al., 1992). It has been argued that organizations with higher levels of empowerment have demonstrated improvements in various economic performance areas (Applebaum et al., 1999). The economic benefits of empowerment specifically may be difficult to assess as often it is introduced as part of a broader initiative such as BPR and TQM (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). Despite the espoused organisational benefits Argyris (1998) argues that empowerment has still not giveed the promised benefits, remaining a myth instead than reality. While it could be argued that the primary motive for empowerment is initially driven by the need to improve the economic performance of the organisation, benefits to the individual employee have also been identified. Nykodym et al. (1994) found that employees who consider themselves empowered have reduced conflict and ambiguity in their r ole, as they are able to control (to a certain extent) their own environment. They suggested that this reduces emotional strain on the employee. Similarly, it has been suggested that empowered employees have a greater sense of job satisfaction, motivation and organisational loyalty (Koberg et al., 1999, Spreitzer et al., 1997). Empowerment cannot only impact attitudes but it can also impact on performance, specifically employee productivity (Koberg et al., 1999) and employee effectiveness (Spreitzer et al., 1997). Overall the literature points to many potential benefits to both organisations and employees like if the workplace empowerment is successful, then it produces a win-win situation (Lashley, 1999). However, despite the strong support for empowerment in theory, in practice empowerment may exist in rhetoric only and control is the reality for employees (Sewell and Wilkinson, 1992). Although it may be considered that employee empowerment will improve organizational performance but it is possible that empowered employees are not necessarily more motivated or have higher levels of job satisfaction (Collins, 1999). Thus the benefits of empowerment should not be assumed to automatically occur nor should the rhetoric of empowerment be confused with the reality. measuring rod of the employee benefits is very difficult to achieve. Unlike organisational benefits which can be measured using objective facts, individual benefits are much more complex. Certain objective measures, such as absence and turnover rates have been applied in this context (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002). However, it is often considered that softer measures of employees attitudes may provide informative insights omitted by other more tangible measures (Psoinos and Smithson, 2002).FACTORS IMPORTANT FOR MOTIVATING EMPLOYEESOne of the most perplexing healthcare retention issues is keeping freshly licensed nurses from leaving after just a year or two of employment in the clinical setting (Zucker, Goss, Williams, Bloodworth, Lynn, Denker, et al., 2006). Kovner, Brewer, and Djukic (2007) presented evidence that 13% of newly licensed 1490 RNs had changed principal jobs after one year, and 37% reported that they felt ready to change jobs. Nurses leave the profession mainly because of low pay and poor job satisfaction (DiMeglio, Padula, Piatek, 2005)Hence pay and motivation at workplace are very important factors of retaining the staff. Therefore, nurse leaders are faced with two challenges to recruit sufficiently qualified nurses and to establish rewarding work cultures that promote retention. Recruiting a younger generation of nursing staff members and meeting retention demands of cross-generational nurses will be a challenge like no other previously seen in healthcare (Cordinez, 2002). Newly licensed nurses recruitment and retention into the workplace are fundamental strategies for ensuring that healthcare systems have the continued capacity to deliver patient care (Berliner Ginzberg, 2002). Understanding why newly licensed registered nurses choose to remain in nursing is an essential component of recruitment and retention strategies. Despite a recent four year foreshorten of increasing nursing school enrollment and graduation of qualified nurses (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2005), the latest data on the shortage of RNs in the United States is estimated to reach about 500,000 by 2025 (Buerhas, Staiger, Auerbach, 2000.This study shows that nursing shortage is waiver to increase and hence motivating factors like pay,proper work environment and empowerment are necessary for retaining the experienced nurse staff. Hecker (2005) predicts that more than one million new and replacement nurses will be needed by the year 2014. The problem is that many of the newly licensed nurses will not remain in nursing and will choose to leave the profession within four years of graduation from a nursing program (Sochalski, 2002). In a study by Bowles and Candela (2005), 30% of newly licensed RNs go forth their first nursing position within one year of employment, and 57% left their first nursing position within two years of employment.This study further provides evidence that adds to the case study done by Kovner, Brewer, and Djukic (2007) which also adds to data and evidence that nurses are leaving their profession due to lack of empowerment and motivation in hospitals.The nursing shortage and the high incidence of turnover among newly licensed nurses within the first year of employment need to be investigated. It is well documented that nurses are leaving the profession because they are dissatisfied with current working conditions and not because they are disenchanted with the ideal of nursing, which originally attracted them to the profession (Lynn Redman, 2005 Strachota, Normandin, OBrien, Clary, Krukow, 2003). There is limited research that addresses newly licensed registered nurses career choices post-graduation. The futur e of nursing rests in the ability to recruit and retain upcoming generations to the profession.Currently, however, there is limited knowledge concerning what influences the decisions of newly licensed registered nurses to remain in nursing. Thus, the objective of this study was to identify factors that influence newly licensed registered nurses decision to remainin nursing. The shortage of people entering professional nursing, nurses dissatisfaction, and high turnover of newly licensed registered nurses are issues of concern. The national shortage in the nursing workforce highlights the critical importance of encouraging nurses to remain in practice. Evidence suggests that a shortage of nurses is detrimental not only to quality of patient care, but also to staff morale, which in turn affects staff retention (Wilson, 2006). The socialization and assimilation of newly licensed nurses into the healthcare system is a pivotal event that influences the retention of nurses (Aiken, Clarke, Sloane, Sochalaski, Silber, 2002). Professional socialization and work readiness are contributing factors to the retention of newly licensed registered nurses. The transition from student to new nurse is a vital period in several ways. It is the quality of this transitional experience that is likely to influence new nurse retention (Clare van Loon, 2003 Duchscher, 2001 Ewens, 2003). Professional socialization, a potential buffer to the effects of reality shock, includes the acquisition of knowledge, skills, identity, occupational traits, values, norms, and self-concept (Mamchur Myrick, 2003). The process of professional socialization, from career choice to transition to enculturation to the practice setting is influenced by others, especially other nurses (Beck, 2000 Hinds Harley, 2001). It is this initial professional socialization of nurses that will determine the success or failure of retaining new nurses in the healthcare workplace. The increasing complexity of health servic es and the acuity of patient care create an expectation by the healthcare organization that the new nurse will hit the ground running (Cowin Hengstberger-Sims, 2006, p. 61). Furthermore, Cowin and Hengstberger-Sims believe the workplace expects newly licensed nurses to quickly fulfill their potential as knowledgeable workers, but the health organization remunerates newly licensed nurses at the lowest possible pay scale. These researchers asserted that incongruencies such as high level of stress related to responsibility and high workloads paired with minimum pay compound the effects of reality shock of nurses new to the field.The healthcare workplace demands work readiness from its newest nurses and the partnership of responsibilit